Fabrication of Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide Nanosheet@ Tea Waste Granules Adsorbent for Groundwater Purification

The reuse and separation of nanomaterials from an aquatic solution is always challenging and may cause nanotoxicity if not separated completely. Nanomaterial immobilization on the surface of a macro-size material could be an effective approach to developing an efficient composite for groundwater purification. Herein, polyaniline and graphene oxide nanosheet immobilized granular tea waste (PANI/GO@GTW) has been synthesized to remove the anionic and cationic contaminants from groundwater. The synthesized materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, and FTIR spectroscopies. The optimization of experimental conditions was tested for bromide (Br(−)) removal from synthetic water. The results revealed that Br(−) adsorption behavior onto the synthesized materials was as follows: PANI/GO < PANI/GTW < PANI < PANI/GO@GTW. The optimum removal of Br(−) ions was observed at pH 3 with 90 min of saturation time. Br(−) adsorption onto PANI/GO@GTW followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model, and electrostatic interaction was involved in the adsorption process. The optimum adsorption of Br(−) onto PANI/GO@GTW was found to be 26.80 m/g. The application of PANI/GO@GTW on real groundwater treatment demonstrated the effective removal of anion pollutants such as F(−), Cl(−), Br(−), NO(3)(−), and PO(4)(3)(−). This study revealed that PANI/GO@GTW successfully reduced Br(−) concentrations in synthetic and real groundwater and can be used for large-scale applications.