Role of Density and Grain Size on the Electrocaloric Effect in Ba(0.90)Ca(0.10)TiO(3) Ceramics

Pure perovskite Ba(0.90)Ca(0.10)TiO(3) ceramics, with a relative density of between 79 and 98% and grain sizes larger than 1 µm, were prepared by solid-state reaction. The dielectric and electrocaloric properties were investigated and discussed considering the density and grain size of the samples. Room temperature impedance measurements show good dielectric properties for all ceramics with relative permittivity between 800 and 1100 and losses of <5%. Polarization vs. E loops indicates regular variation with increasing sintering temperature (grain size and density), an increase in loop area, and remanent and saturation polarization (from P(sat) = 7.2 µC/cm(2) to P(sat) = 16 µC/cm(2)). The largest electrocaloric effect was 1.67 K for ceramic with GS = 3 µm at 363 K and electrocaloric responsivity (ζ) was 0.56 K mm/kV. These values are larger than in the case of other similar materials; thus, Ba(0.90)Ca(0.10)TiO(3) ceramics with a density larger than 90% and grain sizes of a few µms are suitable materials for electrocaloric devices.