Inhibition of Phenol from Entering into Condensed Freshwater by Activated Persulfate during Solar-Driven Seawater Desalination

Recently, solar-driven seawater desalination has received extensive attention since it can obtain considerable freshwater by accelerating water evaporation at the air–water interface through solar evaporators. However, the high air–water interface temperature can cause volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to enter condensed freshwater and result in water quality safety risk. In this work, an antioxidative solar evaporator, which was composed of MoS(2) as the photothermal material, expandable polyethylene (EPE) foam as the insulation material, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate as the corrosion resistant material, and fiberglass membrane (FB) as the seawater delivery material, was fabricated for the first time. The activated persulfate (PS) methods, including peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxodisulfate (PDS), were applied to inhibit phenol from entering condensed freshwater during desalination. The distillation concentration ratio of phenol (R(D)) was reduced from 76.5% to 0% with the addition of sufficient PMS or PDS, which means that there was no phenol in condensed freshwater. It was found that the Cl(−) is the main factor in activating PMS, while for PDS, light, and heat are the dominant. Compared with PDS, PMS can make full utilization of the light, heat, Cl(−) at the evaporator’s surface, resulting in more effective inhibition of the phenol from entering condensed freshwater. Finally, though phenol was efficiently removed by the addition of PMS or PDS, the problem of the formation of the halogenated distillation by-products in condensed freshwater should be given more attention in the future.