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Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs

IoT devices can be deployed almost anywhere, but they usually need to be connected to other IoT devices, either through the Internet or local area networks. For such communications, many IoT devices make use of wireless communications, whose coverage is key: if no coverage is available, an IoT devic...

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Autores principales: Niebla-Montero, Ángel, Froiz-Míguez, Iván, Fraga-Lamas, Paula, Fernández-Caramés, Tiago M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9657838/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36366060
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218360
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author Niebla-Montero, Ángel
Froiz-Míguez, Iván
Fraga-Lamas, Paula
Fernández-Caramés, Tiago M.
author_facet Niebla-Montero, Ángel
Froiz-Míguez, Iván
Fraga-Lamas, Paula
Fernández-Caramés, Tiago M.
author_sort Niebla-Montero, Ángel
collection PubMed
description IoT devices can be deployed almost anywhere, but they usually need to be connected to other IoT devices, either through the Internet or local area networks. For such communications, many IoT devices make use of wireless communications, whose coverage is key: if no coverage is available, an IoT device becomes isolated. This can happen both indoors (e.g., large buildings, industrial warehouses) or outdoors (e.g., rural areas, cities). To tackle such an issue, opportunistic networks can be useful, since they use gateways to provide services to IoT devices when they are in range (i.e., IoT devices take the opportunity of having a nearby gateway to exchange data or to use a computing service). Moreover, opportunistic networks can provide Edge Computing capabilities, thus creating Opportunistic Edge Computing (OEC) systems, which deploy smart gateways able to perform certain tasks faster than a remote Cloud. This article presents a novel decentralized OEC system based on Bluetooth 5 IoT nodes whose latency is evaluated to determine the feasibility of using it in practical applications. The obtained results indicate that, for the selected scenario, the average end-to-end latency is relatively low (736 ms), but it is impacted by factors such as the location of the bootstrap node, the smart gateway hardware or the use of high-security mechanisms.
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spelling pubmed-96578382022-11-15 Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs Niebla-Montero, Ángel Froiz-Míguez, Iván Fraga-Lamas, Paula Fernández-Caramés, Tiago M. Sensors (Basel) Article IoT devices can be deployed almost anywhere, but they usually need to be connected to other IoT devices, either through the Internet or local area networks. For such communications, many IoT devices make use of wireless communications, whose coverage is key: if no coverage is available, an IoT device becomes isolated. This can happen both indoors (e.g., large buildings, industrial warehouses) or outdoors (e.g., rural areas, cities). To tackle such an issue, opportunistic networks can be useful, since they use gateways to provide services to IoT devices when they are in range (i.e., IoT devices take the opportunity of having a nearby gateway to exchange data or to use a computing service). Moreover, opportunistic networks can provide Edge Computing capabilities, thus creating Opportunistic Edge Computing (OEC) systems, which deploy smart gateways able to perform certain tasks faster than a remote Cloud. This article presents a novel decentralized OEC system based on Bluetooth 5 IoT nodes whose latency is evaluated to determine the feasibility of using it in practical applications. The obtained results indicate that, for the selected scenario, the average end-to-end latency is relatively low (736 ms), but it is impacted by factors such as the location of the bootstrap node, the smart gateway hardware or the use of high-security mechanisms. MDPI 2022-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9657838/ /pubmed/36366060 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218360 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Niebla-Montero, Ángel
Froiz-Míguez, Iván
Fraga-Lamas, Paula
Fernández-Caramés, Tiago M.
Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs
title Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs
title_full Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs
title_fullStr Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs
title_full_unstemmed Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs
title_short Practical Latency Analysis of a Bluetooth 5 Decentralized IoT Opportunistic Edge Computing System for Low-Cost SBCs
title_sort practical latency analysis of a bluetooth 5 decentralized iot opportunistic edge computing system for low-cost sbcs
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9657838/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36366060
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218360
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