Focus on the Dynamics of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic indicator of patients treated with immunotherapy has been fully reported. However, the dynamics of NLR after immunotherapy and its association with efficacy of immunotherapy have been less frequently reported. This meta-analysis and systematic review study aimed to (a) summarize the early change in NLR after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, (b) evaluate the association between the trend in NLR and efficacy of ICI treatment, and (c) analyze the prognostic value of baseline and post-treatment NLR. ABSTRACT: Background: A number of studies have reported an association between the dynamics of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and clinical efficacy in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but there is still a lack of a meta-analysis or systematic review. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched until September 2022 for studies reporting on the association between the change in NLR after ICI treatment and clinical outcomes. Outcome measures of interest included: change in NLR before and after treatment, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR). Results: A total of 4154 patients in 38 studies were included. The pooled percentage of patients with increased NLR was 49.7% (95CI%: 43.7–55.8%). Six studies discussing the change in NLR in patients with different tumor responses all showed that the NLR level in patients without response to immunotherapy may increase after ICI treatment. The upward trend in NLR was associated with shorter OS (pooled HR: 2.05, 95%CI: 1.79–2.35, p < 0.001) and PFS (pooled HR: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.66–2.14, p < 0.001) and higher ORR (pooled OR: 0.27, 95%CI: 0.19–0.39, p < 0.001), and downward trend in NLR was associated with longer OS (pooled HR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.42–0.58, p < 0.001) and PFS (pooled HR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.48–0.63, p < 0.001) and lower ORR (pooled OR: 3.26, 95%CI: 1.92–5.53, p < 0.001). In addition, post-treatment high NLR was associated with more impaired survival than baseline high NLR (pooled HR of baseline high NLR: 1.82, 95%CI: 1.52–2.18; pooled HR of post-treatment high NLR: 2.93, 95%CI: 2.26–3.81), but the NLR at different time points may have a similar predictive effect on PFS (pooled HR of baseline high NLR: 1.68, 95%CI: 1.44–1.97; pooled HR of post-treatment high NLR: 2.00, 95%CI: 1.54–2.59). Conclusions: The NLR level of tumor patients after ICI treatment is stable overall, but the NLR level in patients without response to immunotherapy may increase after ICI treatment. Patients with an upward trend in NLR after ICI treatment were associated with worse clinical outcomes; meanwhile, the downward trend in NLR was associated with better clinical outcomes. Post-treatment high NLR was associated with more impaired survival than baseline high NLR.