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High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
The present study aimed to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) compared with HIIT in normoxia with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-accordant meta-analysis and meta-regression. Stu...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658399/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361141 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114261 |
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author | Westmacott, Ailsa Sanal-Hayes, Nilihan E. M. McLaughlin, Marie Mair, Jacqueline L. Hayes, Lawrence D. |
author_facet | Westmacott, Ailsa Sanal-Hayes, Nilihan E. M. McLaughlin, Marie Mair, Jacqueline L. Hayes, Lawrence D. |
author_sort | Westmacott, Ailsa |
collection | PubMed |
description | The present study aimed to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) compared with HIIT in normoxia with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-accordant meta-analysis and meta-regression. Studies which measured VO(2max) following a minimum of 2 weeks intervention featuring HIIT in hypoxia versus HIIT in normoxia were included. From 119 originally identified titles, nine studies were included (n = 194 participants). Meta-analysis was conducted on change in (∆) VO(2max) using standardised mean difference (SMD) and a random effects model. Meta-regression examined the relationship between the extent of environmental hypoxia (fractional inspired oxygen [FiO(2)]) and ∆VO(2max) and intervention duration and ∆VO(2max). The overall SMD for ∆VO(2max) following HIIT in hypoxia was 1.14 (95% CI = 0.56–1.72; p < 0.001). Meta-regressions identified no significant relationship between FiO(2) (coefficient estimate = 0.074, p = 0.852) or intervention duration (coefficient estimate = 0.071, p = 0.423) and ∆VO(2max). In conclusion, HIIT in hypoxia improved VO(2max) compared to HIIT in normoxia. Neither extent of hypoxia, nor training duration modified this effect, however the range in FiO(2) was small, which limits interpretation of this meta-regression. Moreover, training duration is not the only training variable known to influence ∆VO(2max), and does not appropriately capture total training stress or load. This meta-analysis provides pooled evidence that HIIT in hypoxia may be more efficacious at improving VO(2max) than HIIT in normoxia. The application of these data suggest adding a hypoxic stimuli to a period of HIIT may be more effective at improving VO(2max) than HIIT alone. Therefore, coaches and athletes with access to altitude (either natural or simulated) should consider implementing HIIT in hypoxia, rather than HIIT in normoxia where possible, assuming no negative side effects. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9658399 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96583992022-11-15 High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Westmacott, Ailsa Sanal-Hayes, Nilihan E. M. McLaughlin, Marie Mair, Jacqueline L. Hayes, Lawrence D. Int J Environ Res Public Health Systematic Review The present study aimed to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) compared with HIIT in normoxia with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-accordant meta-analysis and meta-regression. Studies which measured VO(2max) following a minimum of 2 weeks intervention featuring HIIT in hypoxia versus HIIT in normoxia were included. From 119 originally identified titles, nine studies were included (n = 194 participants). Meta-analysis was conducted on change in (∆) VO(2max) using standardised mean difference (SMD) and a random effects model. Meta-regression examined the relationship between the extent of environmental hypoxia (fractional inspired oxygen [FiO(2)]) and ∆VO(2max) and intervention duration and ∆VO(2max). The overall SMD for ∆VO(2max) following HIIT in hypoxia was 1.14 (95% CI = 0.56–1.72; p < 0.001). Meta-regressions identified no significant relationship between FiO(2) (coefficient estimate = 0.074, p = 0.852) or intervention duration (coefficient estimate = 0.071, p = 0.423) and ∆VO(2max). In conclusion, HIIT in hypoxia improved VO(2max) compared to HIIT in normoxia. Neither extent of hypoxia, nor training duration modified this effect, however the range in FiO(2) was small, which limits interpretation of this meta-regression. Moreover, training duration is not the only training variable known to influence ∆VO(2max), and does not appropriately capture total training stress or load. This meta-analysis provides pooled evidence that HIIT in hypoxia may be more efficacious at improving VO(2max) than HIIT in normoxia. The application of these data suggest adding a hypoxic stimuli to a period of HIIT may be more effective at improving VO(2max) than HIIT alone. Therefore, coaches and athletes with access to altitude (either natural or simulated) should consider implementing HIIT in hypoxia, rather than HIIT in normoxia where possible, assuming no negative side effects. MDPI 2022-11-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9658399/ /pubmed/36361141 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114261 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Systematic Review Westmacott, Ailsa Sanal-Hayes, Nilihan E. M. McLaughlin, Marie Mair, Jacqueline L. Hayes, Lawrence D. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
title | High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
title_full | High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
title_fullStr | High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
title_full_unstemmed | High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
title_short | High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression |
title_sort | high-intensity interval training (hiit) in hypoxia improves maximal aerobic capacity more than hiit in normoxia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression |
topic | Systematic Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658399/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361141 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114261 |
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