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Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil
We evaluated the influence of population size (POP), HDI (Human Development Index) and GDP (gross domestic product) on the COVID-19 pandemic in the Southeast region of Brazil, between February 2020 and May 2021. Methods: Cases, deaths, incidence coefficient, mortality rate and lethality rate were co...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658565/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114459 |
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author | Groppo, Mônica Feresini Groppo, Francisco Carlos Figueroba, Sidney Raimundo Pereira, Antonio Carlos |
author_facet | Groppo, Mônica Feresini Groppo, Francisco Carlos Figueroba, Sidney Raimundo Pereira, Antonio Carlos |
author_sort | Groppo, Mônica Feresini |
collection | PubMed |
description | We evaluated the influence of population size (POP), HDI (Human Development Index) and GDP (gross domestic product) on the COVID-19 pandemic in the Southeast region of Brazil, between February 2020 and May 2021. Methods: Cases, deaths, incidence coefficient, mortality rate and lethality rate were compared among states. The cities were divided into strata according to POP, GDP, and HDI. Data were compared by Welch’s ANOVA, nonlinear polynomial regression, and Spearman’s correlation test (rS). Results: The highest incidence coefficient (p < 0.0001) and mortality rate (p < 0.05) were observed in the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Until the 45th week, the higher the POP, the higher the mortality rate (p < 0.01), with no differences in the remaining period (p > 0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between POP size and the number of cases (rS = 0.92, p < 0.0001) and deaths (rS = 0.88, p < 0.0001). The incidence coefficient and mortality rate were lower (p < 0.0001) for low GDP cities. Both coefficients were higher in high- and very high HDI cities (p < 0.0001). The lethality rate was higher in the state of Rio de Janeiro (p < 0.0001), in large cities (p < 0.0001), in cities with medium GDP (p < 0.0001), and in those with high HDI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both incidence and mortality were affected by time, with minimal influence of POP, GDP and HDI. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9658565 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96585652022-11-15 Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil Groppo, Mônica Feresini Groppo, Francisco Carlos Figueroba, Sidney Raimundo Pereira, Antonio Carlos Int J Environ Res Public Health Article We evaluated the influence of population size (POP), HDI (Human Development Index) and GDP (gross domestic product) on the COVID-19 pandemic in the Southeast region of Brazil, between February 2020 and May 2021. Methods: Cases, deaths, incidence coefficient, mortality rate and lethality rate were compared among states. The cities were divided into strata according to POP, GDP, and HDI. Data were compared by Welch’s ANOVA, nonlinear polynomial regression, and Spearman’s correlation test (rS). Results: The highest incidence coefficient (p < 0.0001) and mortality rate (p < 0.05) were observed in the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Until the 45th week, the higher the POP, the higher the mortality rate (p < 0.01), with no differences in the remaining period (p > 0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between POP size and the number of cases (rS = 0.92, p < 0.0001) and deaths (rS = 0.88, p < 0.0001). The incidence coefficient and mortality rate were lower (p < 0.0001) for low GDP cities. Both coefficients were higher in high- and very high HDI cities (p < 0.0001). The lethality rate was higher in the state of Rio de Janeiro (p < 0.0001), in large cities (p < 0.0001), in cities with medium GDP (p < 0.0001), and in those with high HDI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both incidence and mortality were affected by time, with minimal influence of POP, GDP and HDI. MDPI 2022-11-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9658565/ /pubmed/36361338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114459 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Groppo, Mônica Feresini Groppo, Francisco Carlos Figueroba, Sidney Raimundo Pereira, Antonio Carlos Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil |
title | Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil |
title_full | Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil |
title_fullStr | Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil |
title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil |
title_short | Influence of Population Size, the Human Development Index and the Gross Domestic Product on Mortality by COVID-19 in the Southeast Region of Brazil |
title_sort | influence of population size, the human development index and the gross domestic product on mortality by covid-19 in the southeast region of brazil |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9658565/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114459 |
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