Critical role of hydrogen sorption kinetics in electrocatalytic CO(2) reduction revealed by on-chip in situ transport investigations

Precise understanding of interfacial metal−hydrogen interactions, especially under in operando conditions, is crucial to advancing the application of metal catalysts in clean energy technologies. To this end, while Pd-based catalysts are widely utilized for electrochemical hydrogen production and hydrogenation, the interaction of Pd with hydrogen during active electrochemical processes is complex, distinct from most other metals, and yet to be clarified. In this report, the hydrogen surface adsorption and sub-surface absorption (phase transition) features of Pd and its alloy nanocatalysts are identified and quantified under operando electrocatalytic conditions via on-chip electrical transport measurements, and the competitive relationship between electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO(2)RR) and hydrogen sorption kinetics is investigated. Systematic dynamic and steady-state evaluations reveal the key impacts of local electrolyte environment (such as proton donors with different pK(a)) on the hydrogen sorption kinetics during CO(2)RR, which offer additional insights into the electrochemical interfaces and optimization of the catalytic systems.