Unlocking the potential for engaging men to improve reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health in Karnali Province, Nepal

BACKGROUND: Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) often experience early childbearing and have poor utilization of reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health (RMNH) services in Nepal. Involving men in such services has been increasingly recognized globally to improve gender-equitable reproductive health behaviour in husbands. This qualitative study assessed the implementation of Healthy Transitions’ male engagement interventions in Karnali Province, Nepal which were implemented to improve gender-equitable attitudes, and supportive RMNH care-seeking behaviors among the husbands of young women. METHODS: We conducted a summative qualitative study that included in-depth interviews with 12 AGYW as primary beneficiaries and their husbands (N = 12) and in-laws (N = 8). In addition, key informant interviews were conducted with health workers (N = 8), local government representatives (N = 4), members of Health Facility Operation and Management Committee (N = 8) and project implementers (N = 12). Due to COVID-19-related travel restrictions and lockdowns, all interviews were conducted via phone calls and online consultation. Data were analyzed using multistage coding and thematic content analysis. RESULTS: AGYW, their husbands, in-laws and health workers were receptive to the Healthy transitions’ male engagement initiatives. They perceived that the project contributed a momentum to facilitate men’s gender-responsive behaviour. Many participants reported that male engagement interventions, including home visits, community dialogues, and social events improved husbands’ support for their wives during menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth. The activities also facilitated spousal communication and improved the couple’s decision-making for family planning use. Women reported that improved support from their husbands increased their self-confidence. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the role of male engagement strategies to improve RMNH in a context where inequitable gender norms and roles are highly prevalent. Our findings highlight the potential to improve RMNH by addressing barriers to male engagement.