Successful treatment of pulmonary hypertension in a neonate with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe complication of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature neonates and is closely related to prognosis. However, there is no effective and safe treatment for PH due to BPD in infants. Successful treatment for cases of BPD-associated PH with Tadalafil combined with bosentan is rare. This case may make a significant contribution to the literature because PH is difficult to manage as a serious complication of BPD in preterm infants. Mortality is high, especially when it is complicated by heart failure. CASE SUMMARY: An extremely premature neonate with a gestational age of 26(+5 )wk and birth weight of 0.83 kg was diagnosed with BPD associated with PH; oral sildenafil did not improve the PH. The infant experienced sudden cardiac arrest and serious heart failure with severe PH. After a series of treatments, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), the respiratory and circulatory status improved but the pulmonary artery pressure remained high. Then oral sildenafil was replaced with oral tadalafil and bosentan; pulmonary artery pressure improved, and the infant recovered at our hospital. After 2 years of follow-up, she is in good condition, without any cardiovascular complications. CONCLUSION: INO can effectively improve the respiratory and circulatory status of infants with PH associated with premature BPD. B-type natriuretic peptide should be routinely measured during hospitalization to evaluate the risk and prognosis of BPD-associated PH in preterm infants. Tadalafil combined with bosentan for the treatment of PH associated with premature BPD was better than sildenafil in this case. Further studies are needed to explore the efficacy and safety of different vasodilators in the treatment of PH associated with premature BPD.