Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of kojic acid-1,2,3-triazole based dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran derivatives using Fe(3)O(4)@CQD@CuI as a novel nanomagnetic catalyst

The magnetic nanoparticles coated with carbon quantum dot and copper (I) iodide (Fe(3)O(4)@CQD@CuI) were used as eco-friendly heterogeneous Lewis / Brønsted acid sites and Cu (I) nanocatalysts. In the first step, it was applied in the synthesis of kojic acid-based dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran derivatives in a three-component reaction and in the second step, as a recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of kojic acid-1,2,3-triazole based dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran derivatives in the CuI-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The catalyst was characterized fully by using the different techniques including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental mapping analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric (TG) and value-stream mapping (VSM) methods. The final synthesized derivatives were identified by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy.