Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether coffee intake is associated with the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension by using a meta-analysis of cohort studies. METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched using keywords in September 2022 to identify studies on coffee intake and the risk of hypertension. RESULTS: We included a total of 13 longitudinal cohort studies, which involved a total of 64,650 incident cases of hypertension among 314,827 participants. In a random effects model meta-analysis of all the studies, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension (relative risk [RR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–1.05; I(2) = 58.0%; n = 13). In the subgroup meta-analysis, coffee intake was associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in studies conducted in America (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87–0.98; I(2) = 4.6%; n = 5) and in low-quality studies (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96; I(2) = 0.0%; n = 7). In the remaining subgroup meta-analyses by amount of coffee intake, gender, type of coffee (decaffeinated vs. caffeinated), smoking, and years of follow-up, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension. CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis showed that coffee intake is not associated with the risk of hypertension.