Quality of Life and Its Association with Effort-Reward Imbalance among Medical Officers Working in Government Hospitals in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

BACKGROUND: Medical officers (MOs) face multiple sources of work-related stress, including work system transition, job insecurity, dissatisfaction with income and intense working environments. This study aimed to examine the quality of life (QOL), effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and their association among MOs working in government hospitals in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among MOs from Sarawak General Hospital and Hospital Sentosa from May 2018 to March 2020. A total of 614 participants were selected through convenient sampling. An email with a link to three sets of questionnaires via Google forms including a questionnaire on sociodemographic data and job characteristics, the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF) (Malay version) and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI-Q) (long version) was sent to potential participants. A total of 276 MOs completed and returned the questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive, simple and multiple logistic regression analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was taken as a statistically significant result. RESULTS: Most MOs reported no adversity in the workplace (i.e. 29% low effort/high reward, 5.1% high effort/high reward, 6.2% low effort/low reward and 23.6% high effort/low reward). More than half of MOs (54%) reported poor general QOL and were associated with a combination of active and passive on-calls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21, 23.79). Poor QOL in the physical domain was associated with the presence of chronic illness (AOR = 23.35; 95% CI: 4.25, 128.45), active on-calls (AOR = 14.75; 95% CI: 1.16, 188.35) and a combination of active and passive on-calls (AOR = 18.25; 95% CI: 1.39, 238.98). Men had a higher risk of poor QOL in the environmental domain (AOR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.98). Only 23.6% of MOs reported psychosocial adversity at work (high effort/low reward). High effort/low reward was associated with poor QOL in general (AOR = 4.71; 95% CI: 1.71, 13.01), physical (AOR = 4.53; 95% CI: 2.02, 10.17), psychological (AOR = 5.95; 95% CI: 2.82, 12.58) and environmental domains (AOR = 4.21; 95% CI: 1.95, 9.08). Low effort/high reward was found to have a lower likelihood of poor QOL in the social domain (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.44). CONCLUSION: Higher ERI was found to be associated with poor QOL among MOs in government hospitals. Future research should focus on interventions to improve working conditions.