Titanium dioxide-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: structure and synthesis

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have high energy density, long life, good safety, and environmental friendliness, and have been widely used in large-scale energy storage and mobile electronic devices. As a cheap and non-toxic anode material for LIBs, titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) has a good application prospect. However, its poor electrical conductivity leads to unsatisfactory electrochemical performance, which limits its large-scale application. In this review, the structure of three TiO(2) polymorphs which are widely investigated are briefly described, then the preparation and electrochemical performance of TiO(2) with different morphologies, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanospheres, and the related research on the TiO(2) composite materials with carbon, silicon, and metal materials are discussed. Finally, the development trend of TiO(2)-based anode materials for LIBs has been briefly prospected.