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Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread use of N95 respirators and surgical masks, with anecdotal reports among healthcare providers and the public of xerostomia, halitosis, and gingivitis, a consortium of symptoms colloquially termed “mask mouth”. However, this has not been scientifica...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684305/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36439237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1039811 |
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author | Au, Sheralyn Baraniya, Divyashri Dao, Jason Awan, Shehar Bano Alvarez, Jenelle Sklar, Shari Chen, Tsute Puri, Sumant Al-Hebshi, Nezar N. |
author_facet | Au, Sheralyn Baraniya, Divyashri Dao, Jason Awan, Shehar Bano Alvarez, Jenelle Sklar, Shari Chen, Tsute Puri, Sumant Al-Hebshi, Nezar N. |
author_sort | Au, Sheralyn |
collection | PubMed |
description | The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread use of N95 respirators and surgical masks, with anecdotal reports among healthcare providers and the public of xerostomia, halitosis, and gingivitis, a consortium of symptoms colloquially termed “mask mouth”. However, this has not been scientifically verified. The aim of this study was to assess changes in salivary flow rate, gingival health status and oral microbiome associated with prolonged mask use. A total of 25 dental students (mean age = 26.36 ± 1.58) were included in the study and evaluated at three time points: T1, at the end of at least 2 months of full-day mask wear (7.26 ± 1.56 hours/day); T2, at the end of a period of minimal mask use (1.13 ± 1.13 hours/day); and T3, at the end of 2-3 weeks of resuming full-day mask wear (6.93 ± 1.80 hours/day). Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate, xerostomia (on a quantitative scale of 10), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed at each time point. The salivary microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, UWS flow rates were normal (mean of 0.679 ml/min) and xerostomia, PI and GI scores were low (Mean of 3.11, 0.33 and 0.69, respectively) with no significant differences as a result of prolonged mask wearing. Similarly, there were no significant microbial changes at a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. However, some trends were identified using a nominal p-value cut-off of ≤ 0.01, namely Gemella sanguinis, Streptococcus sp. Oral taxon 066 and Oral taxon 058 were associated with prolonged mask wear. Trends were also seen by gender, race and age, for example an increase in P. gingivalis and P. intermedia with age. In conclusion, we found no evidence that prolonged mask wear adversely affects oral health. The findings support that the oral microbiome of healthy individuals is resilient. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9684305 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96843052022-11-25 Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study Au, Sheralyn Baraniya, Divyashri Dao, Jason Awan, Shehar Bano Alvarez, Jenelle Sklar, Shari Chen, Tsute Puri, Sumant Al-Hebshi, Nezar N. Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the widespread use of N95 respirators and surgical masks, with anecdotal reports among healthcare providers and the public of xerostomia, halitosis, and gingivitis, a consortium of symptoms colloquially termed “mask mouth”. However, this has not been scientifically verified. The aim of this study was to assess changes in salivary flow rate, gingival health status and oral microbiome associated with prolonged mask use. A total of 25 dental students (mean age = 26.36 ± 1.58) were included in the study and evaluated at three time points: T1, at the end of at least 2 months of full-day mask wear (7.26 ± 1.56 hours/day); T2, at the end of a period of minimal mask use (1.13 ± 1.13 hours/day); and T3, at the end of 2-3 weeks of resuming full-day mask wear (6.93 ± 1.80 hours/day). Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate, xerostomia (on a quantitative scale of 10), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed at each time point. The salivary microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, UWS flow rates were normal (mean of 0.679 ml/min) and xerostomia, PI and GI scores were low (Mean of 3.11, 0.33 and 0.69, respectively) with no significant differences as a result of prolonged mask wearing. Similarly, there were no significant microbial changes at a false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05. However, some trends were identified using a nominal p-value cut-off of ≤ 0.01, namely Gemella sanguinis, Streptococcus sp. Oral taxon 066 and Oral taxon 058 were associated with prolonged mask wear. Trends were also seen by gender, race and age, for example an increase in P. gingivalis and P. intermedia with age. In conclusion, we found no evidence that prolonged mask wear adversely affects oral health. The findings support that the oral microbiome of healthy individuals is resilient. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9684305/ /pubmed/36439237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1039811 Text en Copyright © 2022 Au, Baraniya, Dao, Awan, Alvarez, Sklar, Chen, Puri and Al-Hebshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cellular and Infection Microbiology Au, Sheralyn Baraniya, Divyashri Dao, Jason Awan, Shehar Bano Alvarez, Jenelle Sklar, Shari Chen, Tsute Puri, Sumant Al-Hebshi, Nezar N. Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study |
title | Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study |
title_full | Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study |
title_fullStr | Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study |
title_full_unstemmed | Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study |
title_short | Prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – A pilot study |
title_sort | prolonged mask wearing does not alter the oral microbiome, salivary flow rate or gingival health status – a pilot study |
topic | Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684305/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36439237 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1039811 |
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