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Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects
The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema feltiae, which carries the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii in its gut, is an important biocontrol agent. This EPN could produce a suite of complex metabolites and toxin proteins and lead to the death of host insects within 24–48 h. However, fe...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9686292/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36439848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042145 |
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author | Zhang, Yuan Wang, Fang Zhao, Zihua |
author_facet | Zhang, Yuan Wang, Fang Zhao, Zihua |
author_sort | Zhang, Yuan |
collection | PubMed |
description | The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema feltiae, which carries the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii in its gut, is an important biocontrol agent. This EPN could produce a suite of complex metabolites and toxin proteins and lead to the death of host insects within 24–48 h. However, few studies have been performed on the key biomarkers released by EPNs to kill host insects. The objective of this study was to examine what substances produced by EPNs cause the death of host insects. We found that all densities of nematode suspensions exhibited insecticidal activities after hemocoelic injection into Galleria mellonella larvae. EPN infection 9 h later led to immunosuppression by activating insect esterase activity, but eventually, the host insect darkened and died. Before insect immunity was activated, we applied a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach to determine the hemolymph of the wax moth G. mellonella infected by EPNs. The results indicated that the tryptophan (Trp) pathway of G. mellonella was significantly activated, and the contents of kynurenine (Kyn) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) were markedly increased. Additionally, 3-HAA was highly toxic to G. mellonella and resulted in corrected mortalities of 62.50%. Tryptophan metabolites produced by EPNs are a potential marker to kill insects, opening up a novel line of inquiry into exploring the infestation mechanism of EPNs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9686292 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96862922022-11-25 Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects Zhang, Yuan Wang, Fang Zhao, Zihua Front Microbiol Microbiology The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema feltiae, which carries the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii in its gut, is an important biocontrol agent. This EPN could produce a suite of complex metabolites and toxin proteins and lead to the death of host insects within 24–48 h. However, few studies have been performed on the key biomarkers released by EPNs to kill host insects. The objective of this study was to examine what substances produced by EPNs cause the death of host insects. We found that all densities of nematode suspensions exhibited insecticidal activities after hemocoelic injection into Galleria mellonella larvae. EPN infection 9 h later led to immunosuppression by activating insect esterase activity, but eventually, the host insect darkened and died. Before insect immunity was activated, we applied a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach to determine the hemolymph of the wax moth G. mellonella infected by EPNs. The results indicated that the tryptophan (Trp) pathway of G. mellonella was significantly activated, and the contents of kynurenine (Kyn) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) were markedly increased. Additionally, 3-HAA was highly toxic to G. mellonella and resulted in corrected mortalities of 62.50%. Tryptophan metabolites produced by EPNs are a potential marker to kill insects, opening up a novel line of inquiry into exploring the infestation mechanism of EPNs. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9686292/ /pubmed/36439848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042145 Text en Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Wang and Zhao. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Zhang, Yuan Wang, Fang Zhao, Zihua Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
title | Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
title_full | Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
title_fullStr | Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
title_full_unstemmed | Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
title_short | Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
title_sort | metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9686292/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36439848 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042145 |
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