Assessing Molecular Diversity in Native and Introduced Populations of Red Wood Ant Formica paralugubris

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Red wood ants are ecologically dominant ant species that play key roles in boreal forest ecosystems, where they greatly influence the habitat dynamics with their predatory activity. During the last century, they were largely employed as biocontrol agents in Italy against forest pests, and thousands of nests were transplanted from the Alps to the Apennines for this aim. We compared genetic variability and structure of native and introduced populations of F. paralugubris by AFLP assay and found that it was higher in the introduced populations, while native ones showed a higher diversity between nests. Overall, the genetic structure was dominated by among-worker variation regardless of different grouping arrangement (Alps vs. Apennine, native vs. introduced). ABSTRACT: The Formica rufa group comprises several ant species which are collectively referred to as “red wood ants” and play key roles in boreal forest ecosystems, where they are ecologically dominant and greatly influence habitat dynamics. Owing to their intense predatory activity, some of these species are used as biocontrol agents against several forest insect pests and for this aim in Italy, nearly 6000 ant nests were introduced from their native areas in the Alps to several Appeninic sites during the last century. In this work, we assessed and compared the genetic variability and structure of native and introduced populations of F. paralugubris, thus evaluating the extent of genetic drift that may have occurred since the time of introduction, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. PCR amplification with a fam_EcoRI-TAC/MseI-ATG primers combination produced a total of 147 scorable bands, with 17 identified as outlier loci. The genetic variation was higher in the introduced population compared to the native ones that, on the other hand, showed a higher diversity between nests. AMOVA results clearly pointed out that the overall genetic structure was dominated by among-worker variation, considering all populations, the Alpine vs. Apennine groups and the comparison among native and related introduced populations (all ranging between 77.84% and 79.84%). Genetic analyses unveiled the existence of six main different groups that do not entirely mirror their geographic subdivision, pointing towards a wide admixture between populations, but, at the same time, rapid diversification of some Apennine populations. Future studies based on high-throughput genomic methods are needed to obtain a thorough understanding of the effects of environmental pressure on the genetic structure and mating system of these populations.