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Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors

The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecul...

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Autores principales: Műzes, Györgyi, Bohusné Barta, Bettina, Szabó, Orsolya, Horgas, Vanessza, Sipos, Ferenc
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9687442/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36359370
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112853
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author Műzes, Györgyi
Bohusné Barta, Bettina
Szabó, Orsolya
Horgas, Vanessza
Sipos, Ferenc
author_facet Műzes, Györgyi
Bohusné Barta, Bettina
Szabó, Orsolya
Horgas, Vanessza
Sipos, Ferenc
author_sort Műzes, Györgyi
collection PubMed
description The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and malignancies, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. In recent years, the widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research. The majority of studies have mainly focused on the function of cfDNA as a biomarker. However, research regarding the immunological consequences of cfDNA, such as its potential immunomodulatory or therapeutic benefits, is still in its infancy. This article discusses the involvement of various DNA-sensing receptors (e.g., absent in melanoma-2; Toll-like receptor 9; cyclic GMP–AMP synthase/activator of interferon genes) in identifying host cfDNA as a potent danger-associated molecular pattern. Furthermore, we aim to summarize the results of the experimental studies that we recently performed and highlight the immunomodulatory capacity of cfDNA, and thus, the potential for possible therapeutic consideration.
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spelling pubmed-96874422022-11-25 Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors Műzes, Györgyi Bohusné Barta, Bettina Szabó, Orsolya Horgas, Vanessza Sipos, Ferenc Biomedicines Review The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and malignancies, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. In recent years, the widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research. The majority of studies have mainly focused on the function of cfDNA as a biomarker. However, research regarding the immunological consequences of cfDNA, such as its potential immunomodulatory or therapeutic benefits, is still in its infancy. This article discusses the involvement of various DNA-sensing receptors (e.g., absent in melanoma-2; Toll-like receptor 9; cyclic GMP–AMP synthase/activator of interferon genes) in identifying host cfDNA as a potent danger-associated molecular pattern. Furthermore, we aim to summarize the results of the experimental studies that we recently performed and highlight the immunomodulatory capacity of cfDNA, and thus, the potential for possible therapeutic consideration. MDPI 2022-11-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9687442/ /pubmed/36359370 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112853 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Műzes, Györgyi
Bohusné Barta, Bettina
Szabó, Orsolya
Horgas, Vanessza
Sipos, Ferenc
Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors
title Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors
title_full Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors
title_fullStr Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors
title_full_unstemmed Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors
title_short Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors
title_sort cell-free dna in the pathogenesis and therapy of non-infectious inflammations and tumors
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9687442/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36359370
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112853
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