The Pivotal Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Colorectal cancer is a common form of cancer observed globally. It is thought that the gut microbiome may play a pivotal role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer in patients. Furthermore, current treatment strategies may lead to a variety of side effects, and chemotherapeutic resistance is observed. Consequently, new types of treatments should be considered, including post/pre/synbiotics and fecal microbiota transfer, which may be able to restore gut microbial dysbiosis. ABSTRACT: Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide and the second most prevalent cause of cancer-related mortality. It is believed that alterations within the gut microbiome may impact the development and progression of cancer. Additionally, the diet an individual maintains and the amount of alcohol consumed can alter the microbiome, thus impacting the development of colorectal cancer. A diet focused on fiber intake is considered beneficial, as it contains short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate, which have antitumor properties. Furthermore, current treatment strategies, such as chemotherapy, have various side effects. In this review, we discuss the role of the gut microbiome and oral bacteria in relation to colorectal cancer. We also deliberate on the role of diet and alcohol consumption in the development of colorectal cancer. Moreover, the influence of the various metabolites within the gut and the importance of gut inflammation in the development of colorectal cancer are explained. Finally, potential therapies such as fecal microbiota transfer and post/prebiotics are elaborated on. To further comprehend risk factors in the development of colorectal cancer, future studies are warranted to determine the precise mechanisms of action between the gut microbiome and carcinogenesis in order to develop therapies that may target gut microbial dysbiosis.