The Human Myofibroblast Marker Xylosyltransferase-I: A New Indicator for Macrophage Polarization

Chronic inflammation and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix components, such as proteoglycans (PG), by fibroblast- or macrophage-derived myofibroblasts are the hallmarks of fibrotic diseases, including systemic sclerosis (SSc). Human xylosyltransferase-I (XT-I), which is encoded by the gene XYLT1, is the key enzyme that is involved in PG biosynthesis. Increased cellular XYLT1 expression and serum XT-I activity were measured in SSc. Nothing is known so far about the regulation of XT-I in immune cells, and their contribution to the increase in measurable serum XT-I activity. We utilized an in vitro model, with primary human CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte-derived macrophages (MΦ), in order to investigate the role of macrophage polarization on XT-I regulation. The MΦ generated were polarized towards two macrophage phenotypes that were associated with SSc, which were classified as classical pro-inflammatory (M1-like), and alternative pro-fibrotic (M2-like) MΦ. The fully characterized M1- and M2-like MΦ cultures showed differential XT-I gene and protein expressions. The fibrotic M2-like MΦ cultures exhibited higher XT-I secretion, as well as increased expression of myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin, indicating the onset of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). Thus, we identified XT-I as a novel macrophage polarization marker for in vitro generated M1- and M2-like MΦ subtypes, and broadened the view of XT-I as a myofibroblast marker in the process of MMT.