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Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress
Few studies have assessed biomarkers for the differentiation of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, some elements of depression such as hormones and receptors of the renin–angiotensin–adrenal system (RAAS), the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and history of...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9688727/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36358401 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111476 |
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author | Menezes, Itiana Castro von Werne Baes, Cristiane Fígaro-Drumond, Fernanda Viana Dias Macedo, Brisa Burgos Bueno, Ana Carolina Lacchini, Riccardo Feijó de Mello, Marcelo de Castro, Margaret Juruena, Mario Francisco |
author_facet | Menezes, Itiana Castro von Werne Baes, Cristiane Fígaro-Drumond, Fernanda Viana Dias Macedo, Brisa Burgos Bueno, Ana Carolina Lacchini, Riccardo Feijó de Mello, Marcelo de Castro, Margaret Juruena, Mario Francisco |
author_sort | Menezes, Itiana Castro |
collection | PubMed |
description | Few studies have assessed biomarkers for the differentiation of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, some elements of depression such as hormones and receptors of the renin–angiotensin–adrenal system (RAAS), the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and history of early-life stress (ELS) could be considered for differential diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess aldosterone and cortisol levels, MR and GR gene polymorphisms, and ELS as potential biomarkers for differentiating MDD and BD. This study presents a case–control design. Groups comprised samples for genetic, cortisol, and aldosterone analysis: healthy control (HC; n = 113/97/103), MDD (n = 78/69/67) and BD (n = 82/68/65) subjects. Furthermore, all subjects were assessed for diagnostic screening, the severity of depression, and history of ELS by applying MINI-PLUS, GRID-HDRS, and CTQ, respectively. In addition, genotype and allelic frequencies of GR (N363S, R22/23K and BclI) and MR (MI180V and -2G/C) polymorphisms were evaluated via PCR. Our findings demonstrate that basal aldosterone levels may be a biomarker for differentiating BD and MDD. Furthermore, ELS affects the HPA axis in BD, cortisol may be considered a biomarker for distinguishing BD and MDD, but only in the absence of ELS, and, finally, history of ELS and MR-2G/C variant alleles are factors that contribute to the severity of depressive symptoms in MDD and BD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9688727 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96887272022-11-25 Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress Menezes, Itiana Castro von Werne Baes, Cristiane Fígaro-Drumond, Fernanda Viana Dias Macedo, Brisa Burgos Bueno, Ana Carolina Lacchini, Riccardo Feijó de Mello, Marcelo de Castro, Margaret Juruena, Mario Francisco Brain Sci Article Few studies have assessed biomarkers for the differentiation of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, some elements of depression such as hormones and receptors of the renin–angiotensin–adrenal system (RAAS), the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and history of early-life stress (ELS) could be considered for differential diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess aldosterone and cortisol levels, MR and GR gene polymorphisms, and ELS as potential biomarkers for differentiating MDD and BD. This study presents a case–control design. Groups comprised samples for genetic, cortisol, and aldosterone analysis: healthy control (HC; n = 113/97/103), MDD (n = 78/69/67) and BD (n = 82/68/65) subjects. Furthermore, all subjects were assessed for diagnostic screening, the severity of depression, and history of ELS by applying MINI-PLUS, GRID-HDRS, and CTQ, respectively. In addition, genotype and allelic frequencies of GR (N363S, R22/23K and BclI) and MR (MI180V and -2G/C) polymorphisms were evaluated via PCR. Our findings demonstrate that basal aldosterone levels may be a biomarker for differentiating BD and MDD. Furthermore, ELS affects the HPA axis in BD, cortisol may be considered a biomarker for distinguishing BD and MDD, but only in the absence of ELS, and, finally, history of ELS and MR-2G/C variant alleles are factors that contribute to the severity of depressive symptoms in MDD and BD. MDPI 2022-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9688727/ /pubmed/36358401 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111476 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Menezes, Itiana Castro von Werne Baes, Cristiane Fígaro-Drumond, Fernanda Viana Dias Macedo, Brisa Burgos Bueno, Ana Carolina Lacchini, Riccardo Feijó de Mello, Marcelo de Castro, Margaret Juruena, Mario Francisco Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress |
title | Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress |
title_full | Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress |
title_fullStr | Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress |
title_full_unstemmed | Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress |
title_short | Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress |
title_sort | differential diagnosis of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: genetic and hormonal assessment and the influence of early-life stress |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9688727/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36358401 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111476 |
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