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Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis
Powdered infant formulas (PIF) are the most used dietary substitutes that are used in order to supplement breastfeeding. However, PIF are not sterile and can be contaminated with different microorganisms. The objective of this study was to genomically characterize Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and Entero...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689349/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36429148 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223556 |
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author | Parra-Flores, Julio Cabal-Rosel, Adriana Daza-Prieto, Beatriz Chavarria, Pamela Maury-Sintjago, Eduard Rodriguez-Fernández, Alejandra Acuña, Sergio Ruppitsch, Werner |
author_facet | Parra-Flores, Julio Cabal-Rosel, Adriana Daza-Prieto, Beatriz Chavarria, Pamela Maury-Sintjago, Eduard Rodriguez-Fernández, Alejandra Acuña, Sergio Ruppitsch, Werner |
author_sort | Parra-Flores, Julio |
collection | PubMed |
description | Powdered infant formulas (PIF) are the most used dietary substitutes that are used in order to supplement breastfeeding. However, PIF are not sterile and can be contaminated with different microorganisms. The objective of this study was to genomically characterize Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and Enterococcus strains that were isolated from PIF. Strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic typing, detection of virulence, and resistance profiles and genes were performed with the Ridom SeqSphere+ software; the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) platform; ResFinder and PlasmidFinder tools; and by the disk diffusion method. Nineteen isolates from PIF were analyzed, including ENT such as Kosakonia cowanii, Enterobacter hormaechei, Franconibacter helveticus, Mixta calida, and lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium. The strains exhibited resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Resistance genes such as AcrAB-TolC, marA, msbA, knpEF, oqxAB, fosA, bla(ACT-)(7), bla(ACT-)(14,) qacJ, oqxAB(,) aac(6’)-Ii, and msr(C); and virulence genes such as astA, cheB, cheR, ompA ompX, terC, ironA, acm, and efaAfm, adem were also detected. All the analyzed strains possessed genes that produced heat-shock proteins, such as IbpA and ClpL. In PIF, the presence of ENT and Enterococcus that are multiresistant to antibiotics—together with resistance and virulence genes—pose a health risk for infants consuming these food products. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9689349 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96893492022-11-25 Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis Parra-Flores, Julio Cabal-Rosel, Adriana Daza-Prieto, Beatriz Chavarria, Pamela Maury-Sintjago, Eduard Rodriguez-Fernández, Alejandra Acuña, Sergio Ruppitsch, Werner Foods Article Powdered infant formulas (PIF) are the most used dietary substitutes that are used in order to supplement breastfeeding. However, PIF are not sterile and can be contaminated with different microorganisms. The objective of this study was to genomically characterize Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and Enterococcus strains that were isolated from PIF. Strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic typing, detection of virulence, and resistance profiles and genes were performed with the Ridom SeqSphere+ software; the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) platform; ResFinder and PlasmidFinder tools; and by the disk diffusion method. Nineteen isolates from PIF were analyzed, including ENT such as Kosakonia cowanii, Enterobacter hormaechei, Franconibacter helveticus, Mixta calida, and lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium. The strains exhibited resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Resistance genes such as AcrAB-TolC, marA, msbA, knpEF, oqxAB, fosA, bla(ACT-)(7), bla(ACT-)(14,) qacJ, oqxAB(,) aac(6’)-Ii, and msr(C); and virulence genes such as astA, cheB, cheR, ompA ompX, terC, ironA, acm, and efaAfm, adem were also detected. All the analyzed strains possessed genes that produced heat-shock proteins, such as IbpA and ClpL. In PIF, the presence of ENT and Enterococcus that are multiresistant to antibiotics—together with resistance and virulence genes—pose a health risk for infants consuming these food products. MDPI 2022-11-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9689349/ /pubmed/36429148 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223556 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Parra-Flores, Julio Cabal-Rosel, Adriana Daza-Prieto, Beatriz Chavarria, Pamela Maury-Sintjago, Eduard Rodriguez-Fernández, Alejandra Acuña, Sergio Ruppitsch, Werner Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis |
title | Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis |
title_full | Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis |
title_fullStr | Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis |
title_short | Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis |
title_sort | are enterobacteriaceae and enterococcus isolated from powdered infant formula a hazard for infants? a genomic analysis |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9689349/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36429148 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223556 |
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