Tuberculosis Epididymo-Orchitis Mimicking Malignancy Resulting from Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer: A Case Report of a Rare Complication

Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis is a rare complication of intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer. We report a patient with bladder cancer and a history of intravesical BCG immunotherapy who presented with right scrotal pain for 1 week. A heterogeneous, hypoechoic, and solid mass surrounded by increased blood flow in the right testis was seen on scrotal echogram. Urine ordinary and tuberculosis culture yielded negative results. After failure of antibiotic treatment and the inability to rule out tumor, the diagnosis was confirmed by radical orchiectomy. Acid-fast staining of pus in the tumor and tumor tissue was positive, and a pus culture was positive for Mycobacteria tuberculosis complex. Right radical orchiectomy was performed, and anti-tuberculosis treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide was given. The patient is still currently under anti-tuberculosis treatment, and no significant adverse effects have been noted. BCG-related epididymo-orchitis should be suspected in patients with a history of intravesical BCG immunotherapy if the empiric antibiotic treatment typically used to treat common epididymo-orchitis fails.