Spatiotemporal trends in mean and extreme climate variables over 1981–2020 in Meki watershed of central rift valley basin, Ethiopia

Understanding the spatiotemporal changes of climate extremes is essential for managing climatic risk. In the present study, trends of annual and seasonal climate variables along with extreme temperature and precipitation were examined in eight climatic stations of Meki watershed, the Central Rift Valley Basin, Ethiopia during the period 1981 to 2020. A set of 20 precipitation and temperature extreme indices were selected and computed in RClimDex package of the R program to detect climate extreme events. The recent method of Innovative trend analysis, the non-parametric Mann–Kendall trend test, and Sen's slope estimator were applied to evaluate trends of the annual and seasonal precipitation and temperature. The result indicates that the annual precipitation has been decreasing in 71% of climatic stations and 43% of these stations showed a significant trend. The annual minimum temperature declined in 75% of the stations, whereas all stations indicated a significant increasing trend in annual mean maximum temperature. The Mann–Kendall test detected a significant increasing and decreasing trend in most of the temperature and precipitation extreme indices respectively. For the temperature extremes, more frequent warm and fewer cold temperature extremes were observed. In more than 75% of the climatic stations, a considerable drying trend was found for the precipitation extreme indices. Besides, stations with significant warming and drying trends were located in the downstream areas of the watershed. Overall, this study proved that the observed warming trend in mean annual temperature contributed to changes in the normal thresholds of extremes. The change in precipitation and temperature extremes have increased the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events in most of the stations. Likewise, climate extreme events that occur more frequently with high intensity are likely to exacerbate climatic risks, which require proper planning of risk management strategies in Meki watershed.