Lipopolysaccharide Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of Goose Embryonic Myoblasts by Promoting Cytokine Expression and Appropriate Apoptosis Processes

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria enriched in polluted water of goose-stocking environments. It can trigger a series of immune reactions, leading to the occurrence of disease and a decrease in the growth performance of geese. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanisms of LPS on proliferation and differentiation of goose embryonic myoblasts. As apoptosis processes are strongly linked with myoblasts proliferation and differentiation, compounds that inhibit or promote apoptosis combined with LPS were used to explore the effect of apoptosis on proliferation and differentiation of goose embryonic myoblasts. It was found that LPS promotes the proliferation and differentiation of goose embryonic myoblasts by promoting cytokine expression and appropriate apoptosis processes. These findings lay a foundation for the study of the effects of LPS on goose muscle development. ABSTRACT: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can trigger a series of immune reactions, leading to the occurrence of disease and a decrease in the growth performance of geese. However, the mechanisms of LPS in geese muscle development have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of LPS on proliferation and differentiation of goose embryonic myoblasts. Embelin and belnacasan combined with LPS were used to explore these effects. Our results demonstrated that LPS significantly induced inflammatory cytokine production in both proliferation and differentiation stages. LPS and embelin treatment significantly improved the proliferation ability (p < 0.05), while LPS reduced the differentiation ability of goose embryonic myoblasts. By adding embelin, the differentiation ability of myoblasts was enhanced, while by adding belnacasan, LPS treatment led to a lower differentiation ability. Combined with the correlation of the expression levels of myogenic, cell cycle, and inflammatory-related genes and proteins, it is speculated that one of the reason for the decrease of differentiation ability of goose embryo myoblasts induced by LPS is the increase of the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors. Moreover, LPS, embelin and belnacasan, and LPS treatments could significantly increase the apoptosis rate of goose embryonic myoblasts. Taken together, these findings suggest that LPS promotes the proliferation and differentiation of goose embryonic myoblasts by promoting cytokine expression and appropriate apoptosis processes. These findings lay a foundation for the study of the mechanisms of LPS in goose muscle development.