Clinical Outcomes and Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding in ICU Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection and Nosocomial Bacterial Pneumonia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objectives: This study explored the clinical outcomes and association of prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who developed nosocomial pneumonia. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in a medical center in Taiwan. From May to September 2021, patients from four intensive care units were enrolled after SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction and all cases were compatible with the definitions of severe COVID-19 infection. Baseline characteristics, disease severity, clinical outcomes, and times of viral shedding were recorded. Results: A total of 72 patients were diagnosed as having severe COVID-19 infection and 30 developed nosocomial pneumonia, comprising hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The patients with severe COVID-19 infection and concomitant HAP/VAP had longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays and fewer ventilator-free days at Day 28. An independent risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia was a greater SOFA score at admission. Furthermore, the patients with severe COVID-19 infection who developed HAP/VAP had a significantly longer duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding (19.50 days vs. 15.00 days, p = 0.006). Conclusions: Patients with severe COVID-19 infection who developed nosocomial pneumonia had longer SARS-CoV-2 shedding days, more complications, and worse outcomes.