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Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition
Laser metal-wire deposition (LMwD) exhibits a larger molten pool and layer height during printing, compared to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing; in the present study, these features revealed a more inhomogeneous but easily observable microstructure. The coaxial double laser used herein makes...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693288/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431470 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227985 |
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author | He, Junjie Yokota, Ryosuke Imamiya, Yuji Noriyama, Keiichi Sasahara, Hiroyuki |
author_facet | He, Junjie Yokota, Ryosuke Imamiya, Yuji Noriyama, Keiichi Sasahara, Hiroyuki |
author_sort | He, Junjie |
collection | PubMed |
description | Laser metal-wire deposition (LMwD) exhibits a larger molten pool and layer height during printing, compared to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing; in the present study, these features revealed a more inhomogeneous but easily observable microstructure. The coaxial double laser used herein makes the energy distribution of the molten pool more complex than that afforded by a single laser source, and the microstructure of the LMwD parts was more heterogeneous as well. We observed the microstructure of Ti6Al4V by the double LMwD as-built samples by conducting a laboratory experiment and a simulation. The precipitated martensite (α’) phase was defined after eliminating the influence of the β element in an X-ray diffraction analysis, which has not been discussed previously in the literature. We also propose a theory regarding the formation of heat-affected zone (HAZ) bands in an environment that includes the α’ phase. Our experiments revealed only white HAZ bands, which can be attributed to the solute partitioning caused by sequential thermal cycling and the absence of the β element. The microhardness of the HAZ band areas was lower than that of both the upper and lower sides. The simulation results indicate that the maximum temperature of 2925 °C restrains the generating of HAZ bands in the final two deposited layers, due to its great difference from the β transus temperature. Moreover, the higher heat accumulation in the upper layers promoted the migration of β-grain boundaries, which may explain why the coarse columnar β grains tended to grow at the edge area in the layers deposited later. We also observed that with the use of high temperature, the nucleation of β grains is more easily promoted in the lower layers. We conclude that the concentration of residual stress in the fusion zone and the first layer is favorable to the nucleation of equiaxed grains. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9693288 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96932882022-11-26 Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition He, Junjie Yokota, Ryosuke Imamiya, Yuji Noriyama, Keiichi Sasahara, Hiroyuki Materials (Basel) Article Laser metal-wire deposition (LMwD) exhibits a larger molten pool and layer height during printing, compared to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing; in the present study, these features revealed a more inhomogeneous but easily observable microstructure. The coaxial double laser used herein makes the energy distribution of the molten pool more complex than that afforded by a single laser source, and the microstructure of the LMwD parts was more heterogeneous as well. We observed the microstructure of Ti6Al4V by the double LMwD as-built samples by conducting a laboratory experiment and a simulation. The precipitated martensite (α’) phase was defined after eliminating the influence of the β element in an X-ray diffraction analysis, which has not been discussed previously in the literature. We also propose a theory regarding the formation of heat-affected zone (HAZ) bands in an environment that includes the α’ phase. Our experiments revealed only white HAZ bands, which can be attributed to the solute partitioning caused by sequential thermal cycling and the absence of the β element. The microhardness of the HAZ band areas was lower than that of both the upper and lower sides. The simulation results indicate that the maximum temperature of 2925 °C restrains the generating of HAZ bands in the final two deposited layers, due to its great difference from the β transus temperature. Moreover, the higher heat accumulation in the upper layers promoted the migration of β-grain boundaries, which may explain why the coarse columnar β grains tended to grow at the edge area in the layers deposited later. We also observed that with the use of high temperature, the nucleation of β grains is more easily promoted in the lower layers. We conclude that the concentration of residual stress in the fusion zone and the first layer is favorable to the nucleation of equiaxed grains. MDPI 2022-11-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9693288/ /pubmed/36431470 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227985 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article He, Junjie Yokota, Ryosuke Imamiya, Yuji Noriyama, Keiichi Sasahara, Hiroyuki Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition |
title | Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition |
title_full | Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition |
title_fullStr | Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition |
title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition |
title_short | Investigation of the Microstructure of Ti6Al4V Alloy by Coaxial Double Laser Metal-Wire Deposition |
title_sort | investigation of the microstructure of ti6al4v alloy by coaxial double laser metal-wire deposition |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693288/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431470 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227985 |
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