Integrated Chemical Characterization, Network Pharmacology and Transcriptomics to Explore the Mechanism of Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. against Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a serious threat to human health, while drugs for CML are limited. Herbal medicines with structural diversity, low toxicity and low drug resistance are always the most important source for drug discoveries. Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. is a well-known herbal medicine whose non-alkaline ingredients (GD-NAIs) were isolated. The GD-NAIs demonstrated potential anti-CML activity in our preliminary screening tests. However, the chemical components and underlying mechanism are still unknown. In this study, GD-NAIs were tentatively characterized using UHPLC-HRMS combined with molecular networking, which were composed of 75 sesquiterpenoids. Then, the anti-CML activities of GD-NAIs were evaluated and demonstrated significant suppression of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in K562 cells. Furthermore, the mechanism of GD-NAIs against CML were elucidated using network pharmacology combined with RNA sequencing. Four sesquiterpenoids would be the main active ingredients of GD-NAIs against CML, which could regulate PD-L1 expression and the PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, estrogen, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways. In conclusion, our study reveals the composition of GD-NAIs, confirms its anti-CML activity and elucidates their underlying mechanism, which is a potential countermeasure for the treatment of CML.