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Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis
One of the most common diseases affecting people and leading to high morbidity is kidney injury. The alleviation of inflammation and apoptosis is considered a potential therapeutic approach for kidney injury. Sophocarpine (SOP), a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid, exhibits various beneficial biolo...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694211/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431969 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227868 |
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author | Zhou, Wei Fu, Yang Xu, Jin-Song |
author_facet | Zhou, Wei Fu, Yang Xu, Jin-Song |
author_sort | Zhou, Wei |
collection | PubMed |
description | One of the most common diseases affecting people and leading to high morbidity is kidney injury. The alleviation of inflammation and apoptosis is considered a potential therapeutic approach for kidney injury. Sophocarpine (SOP), a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid, exhibits various beneficial biological properties. To investigate the effects of SOP on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced kidney injury, we randomly divided mice into four groups: Control, ISO, ISO+SOP (20 mg/kg) and ISO+SOP (40 mg/kg). SOP was administered intraperitoneally to the mice over two weeks, accompanied by intraperitoneal stimulation of ISO (10 mg/kg) for another four weeks. After the mice were sacrificed, several methods such as ELISA, staining (H&E, TUNEL, DHE and Masson) and Western blotting were applied to detect the corresponding indicators. The kidney injury serum biomarkers SCr and BUN increased after the ISO challenge, while this effect was reversed by treatment with SOP. Pathological changes induced by ISO were also reversed by treatment with SOP in the staining. The inflammatory cytokines IL-β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 and NLRP3 increased after the challenge with ISO, while they were decreased by treatment with SOP. The apoptotic proteins cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax increased, while Bcl-2 decreased, after the challenge with ISO, and these effects were reversed by treatment with SOP. The antioxidant proteins SOD-1 and SOD-2 decreased after being stimulated by ISO, while they increased after the treatment with SOP. The fibrotic proteins collagen I, collagen III, α-SMA, fibronectin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased after the challenge with ISO, while they decreased after the treatment with SOP. We further discovered that the TLR-4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways were suppressed, while the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was activated. In summary, SOP could alleviate ISO-induced kidney injury by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms were suppression of the TLR-4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, indicating that SOP might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for kidney injury. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9694211 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96942112022-11-26 Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis Zhou, Wei Fu, Yang Xu, Jin-Song Molecules Article One of the most common diseases affecting people and leading to high morbidity is kidney injury. The alleviation of inflammation and apoptosis is considered a potential therapeutic approach for kidney injury. Sophocarpine (SOP), a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid, exhibits various beneficial biological properties. To investigate the effects of SOP on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced kidney injury, we randomly divided mice into four groups: Control, ISO, ISO+SOP (20 mg/kg) and ISO+SOP (40 mg/kg). SOP was administered intraperitoneally to the mice over two weeks, accompanied by intraperitoneal stimulation of ISO (10 mg/kg) for another four weeks. After the mice were sacrificed, several methods such as ELISA, staining (H&E, TUNEL, DHE and Masson) and Western blotting were applied to detect the corresponding indicators. The kidney injury serum biomarkers SCr and BUN increased after the ISO challenge, while this effect was reversed by treatment with SOP. Pathological changes induced by ISO were also reversed by treatment with SOP in the staining. The inflammatory cytokines IL-β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 and NLRP3 increased after the challenge with ISO, while they were decreased by treatment with SOP. The apoptotic proteins cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax increased, while Bcl-2 decreased, after the challenge with ISO, and these effects were reversed by treatment with SOP. The antioxidant proteins SOD-1 and SOD-2 decreased after being stimulated by ISO, while they increased after the treatment with SOP. The fibrotic proteins collagen I, collagen III, α-SMA, fibronectin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased after the challenge with ISO, while they decreased after the treatment with SOP. We further discovered that the TLR-4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways were suppressed, while the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was activated. In summary, SOP could alleviate ISO-induced kidney injury by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms were suppression of the TLR-4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, indicating that SOP might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for kidney injury. MDPI 2022-11-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9694211/ /pubmed/36431969 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227868 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Zhou, Wei Fu, Yang Xu, Jin-Song Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
title | Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
title_full | Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
title_fullStr | Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
title_full_unstemmed | Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
title_short | Sophocarpine Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppressing Inflammation, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis |
title_sort | sophocarpine alleviates isoproterenol-induced kidney injury by suppressing inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and fibrosis |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694211/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431969 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227868 |
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