Time-dependent efficacy and safety of tooth bleaching with cold plasma and H(2)O(2) gel

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is the commonly used bleaching agent for teeth. But it is highly corrosive to teeth for the high concentration. The cold atmospheric pressure plasma has been witnessed a novel tooth bleaching technology and could help strengthen the bleaching effect when combined with H(2)O(2). However, the efficacy and safety might highly correlated with processing time. The present study aims to evaluate the time-dependent efficacy and safety of tooth bleaching with cold plasma and H(2)O(2) gel in vitro. METHODS: The H(2)O(2) concentrations of the gel used in the study are 6%, 15%, 25% and 35%, respectively and the treatment time varies from 5 to 20 min. The tooth bleaching effect was evaluated by a Crystaleye Spectrophotometer and the overall change of the colorimetric value based on three independent measurements. Meanwhile, the microhardness, roughness and tooth temperature were evaluated. The surface morphology and the elemental composition were determined by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS: 5 min bleaching treatment contributed to 60% of the bleaching effect maximum, the 10 min effect was close to 15 min effect. Meanwhile, the microhardness reduced and roughness increased under a treatment which was longer than 20 min. Tooth pulp chamber temperature was keeping in a safe range within 20 min treatment. CONCLUSION: 5–10 min was the best treatment time from which we can get an ideal tooth bleaching effect and less influence on tooth enamel and pulp tissue when using cold plasma and H(2)O(2) gel.