New Insights into the Estimation of Reproduction Numbers during an Epidemic

In this paper, we deal with the problem of estimating the reproduction number [Formula: see text] during an epidemic, as it represents one of the most used indicators to study and control this phenomenon. In particular, we focus on two issues. First, to estimate [Formula: see text] , we consider the use of positive test case data as an alternative to the first symptoms data, which are typically used. We both theoretically and empirically study the relationship between the two approaches. Second, we modify a method for estimating [Formula: see text] during an epidemic that is widely used by public institutions in several countries worldwide. Our procedure is not affected by the problems deriving from the hypothesis of [Formula: see text] local constancy, which is assumed in the standard approach. We illustrate the results obtained by applying the proposed methodologies to real and simulated SARS-CoV-2 datasets. In both cases, we also apply some specific methods to reduce systematic and random errors affecting the data. Our results show that the [Formula: see text] during an epidemic can be estimated by using the positive test data, and that our estimator outperforms the standard estimator that makes use of the first symptoms data. It is hoped that the techniques proposed here could help in the study and control of epidemics, particularly the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.