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Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador

Spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) are caused by a group of tick-borne pathogens that are increasing in incidence globally. These diseases are typically underreported and undiagnosed in low- and middle-income countries, and thus, have been classified as neglected bacterial pathogens. Countries...

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Autores principales: Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C., Aquino, Marvin Stanley Rodríguez, Zellars, Kia, Waltz, Hanna, Meyer, Madeleine, Gual-Gonzalez, Lídia, Self, Stella C. W., Kanyangarara, Mufaro, Nolan, Melissa S.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9696242/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36364992
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111241
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author Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C.
Aquino, Marvin Stanley Rodríguez
Zellars, Kia
Waltz, Hanna
Meyer, Madeleine
Gual-Gonzalez, Lídia
Self, Stella C. W.
Kanyangarara, Mufaro
Nolan, Melissa S.
author_facet Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C.
Aquino, Marvin Stanley Rodríguez
Zellars, Kia
Waltz, Hanna
Meyer, Madeleine
Gual-Gonzalez, Lídia
Self, Stella C. W.
Kanyangarara, Mufaro
Nolan, Melissa S.
author_sort Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C.
collection PubMed
description Spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) are caused by a group of tick-borne pathogens that are increasing in incidence globally. These diseases are typically underreported and undiagnosed in low- and middle-income countries, and thus, have been classified as neglected bacterial pathogens. Countries with high poverty, low human development index score, and limited health infrastructure—like El Salvador in Central America—lack necessary surveillance for SFGR and other tick-borne pathogens. This paucity of baseline SFGR infection prevalence leaves vulnerable populations at risk of misdiagnosis. Further, tick-borne disease burdens in El Salvador are severely limited. To lay the foundation for tick-borne disease epidemiology in El Salvador, our team conducted two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on banked human sera samples from a cohort of approximately 1000 pediatric participants from a high-risk vector-borne disease population. Eleven percent of all tested banked pediatric sera were positive for at least one ELISA assay at the time of enrollment: 10.7% were positive for only IgM antibodies (acute SFGR infection), and 2.5% were positive for IgG antibodies (a past SFGR infection). Older, male, children enrolled during the wet season, with a household history of infectious disease and higher maternal education level had higher odds of SFGR antibodies. Additionally, children from households with domestic poultry birds and previous knowledge of other vector-borne diseases had significantly reduced odds of SFGR antibodies. The large percentage of acute SFGR infections indicates that it continues to remain an underreported and undiagnosed issue in El Salvador and the Central American region. Much is still unknown regarding the complexity of the tick, animal host, and human host ecology transmission cycle of SFGR in El Salvador.
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spelling pubmed-96962422022-11-26 Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C. Aquino, Marvin Stanley Rodríguez Zellars, Kia Waltz, Hanna Meyer, Madeleine Gual-Gonzalez, Lídia Self, Stella C. W. Kanyangarara, Mufaro Nolan, Melissa S. Pathogens Article Spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) are caused by a group of tick-borne pathogens that are increasing in incidence globally. These diseases are typically underreported and undiagnosed in low- and middle-income countries, and thus, have been classified as neglected bacterial pathogens. Countries with high poverty, low human development index score, and limited health infrastructure—like El Salvador in Central America—lack necessary surveillance for SFGR and other tick-borne pathogens. This paucity of baseline SFGR infection prevalence leaves vulnerable populations at risk of misdiagnosis. Further, tick-borne disease burdens in El Salvador are severely limited. To lay the foundation for tick-borne disease epidemiology in El Salvador, our team conducted two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on banked human sera samples from a cohort of approximately 1000 pediatric participants from a high-risk vector-borne disease population. Eleven percent of all tested banked pediatric sera were positive for at least one ELISA assay at the time of enrollment: 10.7% were positive for only IgM antibodies (acute SFGR infection), and 2.5% were positive for IgG antibodies (a past SFGR infection). Older, male, children enrolled during the wet season, with a household history of infectious disease and higher maternal education level had higher odds of SFGR antibodies. Additionally, children from households with domestic poultry birds and previous knowledge of other vector-borne diseases had significantly reduced odds of SFGR antibodies. The large percentage of acute SFGR infections indicates that it continues to remain an underreported and undiagnosed issue in El Salvador and the Central American region. Much is still unknown regarding the complexity of the tick, animal host, and human host ecology transmission cycle of SFGR in El Salvador. MDPI 2022-10-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9696242/ /pubmed/36364992 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111241 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C.
Aquino, Marvin Stanley Rodríguez
Zellars, Kia
Waltz, Hanna
Meyer, Madeleine
Gual-Gonzalez, Lídia
Self, Stella C. W.
Kanyangarara, Mufaro
Nolan, Melissa S.
Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador
title Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador
title_full Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador
title_fullStr Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador
title_full_unstemmed Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador
title_short Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rickettsia spp. in a Pediatric Cohort: SFGR Remains Underdiagnosed and Underreported in El Salvador
title_sort antibody prevalence and risk factors associated with rickettsia spp. in a pediatric cohort: sfgr remains underdiagnosed and underreported in el salvador
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9696242/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36364992
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111241
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