Cargando…
Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data
Finger lime is receiving growing attention as an ingredient of gastronomic preparations of haute cuisine for its delicious flavor and fragrance and for its appealing aspect. Volatile compounds play a crucial role in determining the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit and its pleasantness for c...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9697472/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431949 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227846 |
_version_ | 1784838571824250880 |
---|---|
author | Cozzolino, Rosaria Câmara, José S. Malorni, Livia Amato, Giuseppe Cannavacciuolo, Ciro Masullo, Milena Piacente, Sonia |
author_facet | Cozzolino, Rosaria Câmara, José S. Malorni, Livia Amato, Giuseppe Cannavacciuolo, Ciro Masullo, Milena Piacente, Sonia |
author_sort | Cozzolino, Rosaria |
collection | PubMed |
description | Finger lime is receiving growing attention as an ingredient of gastronomic preparations of haute cuisine for its delicious flavor and fragrance and for its appealing aspect. Volatile compounds play a crucial role in determining the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit and its pleasantness for consumers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the volatile profiles by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in the peel and, for the first time, in the pulp of three Australian finger lime cultivars grown in Sicily (southern Italy): Pink Pearl, Sanguinea, and Faustrime, allowing to overall identify 84 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The analytical data showed that the three cultivars were characterized by distinct volatile chemotypes: limonene/sabinene/bicyclogermacrene in the Pink Pearl, limonene/γ-terpinene/bicyclogermacrene in the Sanguinea, and limonene/β-phellandrene/γ-terpinene in the Faustrime. Moreover, some volatiles, found exclusively in one cultivar, could be considered potential markers of the individual cultivar. PCA allowed us to clearly discriminate the samples into three clusters: the first related to the Sanguinea peel, the second to the Faustrime peel, and a third group associated with the Pink Pearl peel along with the pulp of the three cultivars. Accordingly, the VOCs that mostly contributed to the differentiation of the three finger lime cultivars were also identified. Among them, D-limonene, sabinene γ-terpinene, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, p-cymene, linalool, δ-elemene, ledene, bicyclogermacrene β-citronellol, α-bergamotene, α-caryophillene, and β-bisabolene, have been previously reported to exhibit important biological activities, suggesting that these cultivars, in addition to possessing unique volatile profiles, can show promise for several applications in pharmaceutical and food industry, namely for development of functional foods. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9697472 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96974722022-11-26 Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data Cozzolino, Rosaria Câmara, José S. Malorni, Livia Amato, Giuseppe Cannavacciuolo, Ciro Masullo, Milena Piacente, Sonia Molecules Article Finger lime is receiving growing attention as an ingredient of gastronomic preparations of haute cuisine for its delicious flavor and fragrance and for its appealing aspect. Volatile compounds play a crucial role in determining the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit and its pleasantness for consumers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the volatile profiles by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in the peel and, for the first time, in the pulp of three Australian finger lime cultivars grown in Sicily (southern Italy): Pink Pearl, Sanguinea, and Faustrime, allowing to overall identify 84 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The analytical data showed that the three cultivars were characterized by distinct volatile chemotypes: limonene/sabinene/bicyclogermacrene in the Pink Pearl, limonene/γ-terpinene/bicyclogermacrene in the Sanguinea, and limonene/β-phellandrene/γ-terpinene in the Faustrime. Moreover, some volatiles, found exclusively in one cultivar, could be considered potential markers of the individual cultivar. PCA allowed us to clearly discriminate the samples into three clusters: the first related to the Sanguinea peel, the second to the Faustrime peel, and a third group associated with the Pink Pearl peel along with the pulp of the three cultivars. Accordingly, the VOCs that mostly contributed to the differentiation of the three finger lime cultivars were also identified. Among them, D-limonene, sabinene γ-terpinene, α-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, p-cymene, linalool, δ-elemene, ledene, bicyclogermacrene β-citronellol, α-bergamotene, α-caryophillene, and β-bisabolene, have been previously reported to exhibit important biological activities, suggesting that these cultivars, in addition to possessing unique volatile profiles, can show promise for several applications in pharmaceutical and food industry, namely for development of functional foods. MDPI 2022-11-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9697472/ /pubmed/36431949 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227846 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Cozzolino, Rosaria Câmara, José S. Malorni, Livia Amato, Giuseppe Cannavacciuolo, Ciro Masullo, Milena Piacente, Sonia Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data |
title | Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data |
title_full | Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data |
title_fullStr | Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data |
title_short | Comparative Volatilomic Profile of Three Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) Cultivars Based on Chemometrics Analysis of HS-SPME/GC–MS Data |
title_sort | comparative volatilomic profile of three finger lime (citrus australasica) cultivars based on chemometrics analysis of hs-spme/gc–ms data |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9697472/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36431949 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227846 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT cozzolinorosaria comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata AT camarajoses comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata AT malornilivia comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata AT amatogiuseppe comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata AT cannavacciuolociro comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata AT masullomilena comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata AT piacentesonia comparativevolatilomicprofileofthreefingerlimecitrusaustralasicacultivarsbasedonchemometricsanalysisofhsspmegcmsdata |