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The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Around 3–5% of individuals infected become chronic carriers, with the gallbladder (GB) as the predominant site of persistence. Gallstones (GS) aid in the development and maintenance of GB carriage, serving as a substrate to whi...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698170/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36422346 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112276 |
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author | González, Juan F. Hitt, Regan Laipply, Baileigh Gunn, John S. |
author_facet | González, Juan F. Hitt, Regan Laipply, Baileigh Gunn, John S. |
author_sort | González, Juan F. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Around 3–5% of individuals infected become chronic carriers, with the gallbladder (GB) as the predominant site of persistence. Gallstones (GS) aid in the development and maintenance of GB carriage, serving as a substrate to which Salmonellae attach and form a biofilm. This biofilm matrix protects bacteria from the host immune system and environmental stress. This shielded environment is an ideal place for the development of persister cells, a transient phenotype of a subset of cells within a population that allows survival after antibiotic treatment. Persisters can also arise in response to harsh environments such as the GB. Here we investigate if GB conditions affect the number of persisters in a Salmonella population. To simulate the chronic GB environment, we cultured biofilms in cholesterol-coated 96-well plates in the presence of ox or human bile. We then treated planktonic or biofilm Salmonella cultures with high concentrations of different antibiotics. This study suggests that biofilms provide a niche for persister cells, but GB conditions either play no role or have a negative influence on persister formation, especially after kanamycin treatment. The antibiotic target was important, as antimicrobials directed against DNA replication or the cell wall had no effect on persister cell formation. Interestingly, repeated treatment with ciprofloxacin increased the percentage of S. Typhimurium persisters in a biofilm, but this increase was abolished by GB conditions. On the other hand, repeated ciprofloxacin treatment of S. Typhi biofilms in GB conditions slightly increased the fraction of persisters. Thus, while the harsh conditions in the GB would be thought to give rise to increased persisters, therefore contributing to the development of chronic carriage, these data suggest persister cell formation is dampened in this environment. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9698170 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96981702022-11-26 The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation González, Juan F. Hitt, Regan Laipply, Baileigh Gunn, John S. Microorganisms Article Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Around 3–5% of individuals infected become chronic carriers, with the gallbladder (GB) as the predominant site of persistence. Gallstones (GS) aid in the development and maintenance of GB carriage, serving as a substrate to which Salmonellae attach and form a biofilm. This biofilm matrix protects bacteria from the host immune system and environmental stress. This shielded environment is an ideal place for the development of persister cells, a transient phenotype of a subset of cells within a population that allows survival after antibiotic treatment. Persisters can also arise in response to harsh environments such as the GB. Here we investigate if GB conditions affect the number of persisters in a Salmonella population. To simulate the chronic GB environment, we cultured biofilms in cholesterol-coated 96-well plates in the presence of ox or human bile. We then treated planktonic or biofilm Salmonella cultures with high concentrations of different antibiotics. This study suggests that biofilms provide a niche for persister cells, but GB conditions either play no role or have a negative influence on persister formation, especially after kanamycin treatment. The antibiotic target was important, as antimicrobials directed against DNA replication or the cell wall had no effect on persister cell formation. Interestingly, repeated treatment with ciprofloxacin increased the percentage of S. Typhimurium persisters in a biofilm, but this increase was abolished by GB conditions. On the other hand, repeated ciprofloxacin treatment of S. Typhi biofilms in GB conditions slightly increased the fraction of persisters. Thus, while the harsh conditions in the GB would be thought to give rise to increased persisters, therefore contributing to the development of chronic carriage, these data suggest persister cell formation is dampened in this environment. MDPI 2022-11-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9698170/ /pubmed/36422346 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112276 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article González, Juan F. Hitt, Regan Laipply, Baileigh Gunn, John S. The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation |
title | The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation |
title_full | The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation |
title_fullStr | The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation |
title_full_unstemmed | The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation |
title_short | The Effect of the Gallbladder Environment during Chronic Infection on Salmonella Persister Cell Formation |
title_sort | effect of the gallbladder environment during chronic infection on salmonella persister cell formation |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698170/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36422346 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112276 |
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