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Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and co...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9702548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36467769 http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.6.685 |
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author | Jung, Jae In Lee, Hyun Sook Kim, So Mi Kim, Soyeon Lim, Jihoon Woo, Moonjea Kim, Eun Ji |
author_facet | Jung, Jae In Lee, Hyun Sook Kim, So Mi Kim, Soyeon Lim, Jihoon Woo, Moonjea Kim, Eun Ji |
author_sort | Jung, Jae In |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE’s total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9702548 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97025482022-12-01 Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells Jung, Jae In Lee, Hyun Sook Kim, So Mi Kim, Soyeon Lim, Jihoon Woo, Moonjea Kim, Eun Ji Nutr Res Pract Original Research BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE’s total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition 2022-12 2022-04-21 /pmc/articles/PMC9702548/ /pubmed/36467769 http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.6.685 Text en ©2022 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Research Jung, Jae In Lee, Hyun Sook Kim, So Mi Kim, Soyeon Lim, Jihoon Woo, Moonjea Kim, Eun Ji Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells |
title | Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells |
title_full | Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells |
title_fullStr | Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells |
title_short | Immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented Platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells |
title_sort | immunostimulatory activity of hydrolyzed and fermented platycodon grandiflorum extract occurs via the mapk and nf-κb signaling pathway in raw 264.7 cells |
topic | Original Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9702548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36467769 http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.6.685 |
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