Synergizing Exchangeable Fluorophore Labels for Multitarget STED Microscopy

[Image: see text] Investigating the interplay of cellular proteins with optical microscopy requires multitarget labeling. Spectral multiplexing using high-affinity or covalent labels is limited in the number of fluorophores that can be discriminated in a single imaging experiment. Advanced microscopy methods such as STED microscopy additionally demand balanced excitation, depletion, and emission wavelengths for all fluorophores, further reducing multiplexing capabilities. Noncovalent, weak-affinity labels bypass this “spectral barrier” through label exchange and sequential imaging of different targets. Here, we combine exchangeable HaloTag ligands, weak-affinity DNA hybridization, and hydrophophic and protein–peptide interactions to increase labeling flexibility and demonstrate six-target STED microscopy in single cells. We further show that exchangeable labels reduce photobleaching as well as facilitate long acquisition times and multicolor live-cell and high-fidelity 3D STED microscopy. The synergy of different types of exchangeable labels increases the multiplexing capabilities in fluorescence microscopy, and by that, the information content of microscopy images.