Targeting Apollo-NADP(+) to Image NADPH Generation in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Organelles

[Image: see text] NADPH/NADP(+) redox state supports numerous reactions related to cell growth and survival; yet the full impact is difficult to appreciate due to organelle compartmentalization of NADPH and NADP(+). To study glucose-stimulated NADPH production in pancreatic beta-cell organelles, we targeted the Apollo-NADP(+) sensor by first selecting the most pH-stable version of the single-color sensor. We subsequently targeted mTurquoise2-Apollo-NADP(+) to various organelles and confirmed activity in the cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, nucleus, and peroxisome. Finally, we measured the glucose- and glutamine-stimulated NADPH responses by single- and dual-color imaging of the targeted sensors. Overall, we developed multiple organelle-targeted Apollo-NADP(+) sensors to reveal the prominent role of beta-cell mitochondria in determining NADPH production in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and peroxisome.