Hydrogenation of MTHPA to MHHPA over Ni-based catalysts: Al(2)O(3) coating, Ru incorporation and kinetics

Because of its excellent performance, methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) is a new anhydride-based epoxy resin curing agent after methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA). To improve the activity and stability of conventional RANEY® nickel catalysts in the catalytic hydrogenation of MTHPA to MHHPA reaction, RANEY® nickel encapsulated with porous Al(2)O(3) and alumina-supported Ni–Ru bimetallic catalysts were designed and synthesized in this study. The physicochemical properties and surface reactions over the catalysts were characterized by N(2) adsorption and desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction/desorption (H(2)-TPR/TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformations spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The kinetic model of MTHPA hydrogenation over NiRu/Al was established and the parameters were estimated using the least-square method. The results showed that the encapsulation of porous Al(2)O(3) on the surface of RANEY® nickel enhanced the stability of the Ni skeleton and the adsorption ability of the reactant molecules, which improved its activity for the hydrogenation reaction. The introduction of Ru improved the dispersion and stability of metallic Ni, which greatly increased the conversion ability towards MTHPA hydrogenation, but it had a trend to cause C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond transfer at lower temperatures, increasing the hydrogenation difficulties. The kinetic results based on Ni–Ru bimetallic catalyst showed that the MTHPA hydrogenation reaction rate was first-order with respect to MTHPA concentration and 0.5-order with respect to hydrogen partial pressure, and the apparent activation energy of the hydrogenation reaction was 37.02 ± 2.62 kJ mol(−1).