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One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?

BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested empirically based gambling loss limits, with the goal of preventing gambling related harm in the population. However, there is a lack of studies relating gambling loss limits to individual factors such as income. The current study examines whether gambling...

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Autores principales: Langeland, Elias, Johnsen, Ingvild Faxvaag, Sømme, Kaja Kastrup, Morken, Arne Magnus, Erevik, Eilin Kristine, Kolberg, Eirin, Jonsson, Jakob, Mentzoni, Rune Aune, Pallesen, Ståle
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9709812/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36465287
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1005172
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author Langeland, Elias
Johnsen, Ingvild Faxvaag
Sømme, Kaja Kastrup
Morken, Arne Magnus
Erevik, Eilin Kristine
Kolberg, Eirin
Jonsson, Jakob
Mentzoni, Rune Aune
Pallesen, Ståle
author_facet Langeland, Elias
Johnsen, Ingvild Faxvaag
Sømme, Kaja Kastrup
Morken, Arne Magnus
Erevik, Eilin Kristine
Kolberg, Eirin
Jonsson, Jakob
Mentzoni, Rune Aune
Pallesen, Ståle
author_sort Langeland, Elias
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested empirically based gambling loss limits, with the goal of preventing gambling related harm in the population. However, there is a lack of studies relating gambling loss limits to individual factors such as income. The current study examines whether gambling loss limits should be income-specific. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dataset was derived from three representative cross-sectional surveys of the Norwegian population and consisted of 14,630 gamblers. Four income groups, based on a quartile approximation, were formed. Gambling related harm was measured with the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), and precision-recall (PR) analyses were used to identify loss limits for the different income groups at two levels of gambling severity: moderate-risk gambling and problem gambling. RESULTS: For both levels of gambling severity, we found the lowest income group to have the lowest gambling loss limits, and the highest income group to have the highest loss limits, which compared to the loss limits for the total sample, were lower and higher, respectively. Calculating the cut-offs for moderate-risk gamblers, we found a consistently ascending pattern from the lowest to the highest income group. Calculating the cut-offs for problem gamblers, we found a similar pattern except for the two middle income groups. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that income moderates empirically derived gambling loss limits. Although replication is required, income-based gambling loss limits may have higher applied value for preventing gambling related harm, compared to general loss limits aimed at the entire population.
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spelling pubmed-97098122022-12-01 One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income? Langeland, Elias Johnsen, Ingvild Faxvaag Sømme, Kaja Kastrup Morken, Arne Magnus Erevik, Eilin Kristine Kolberg, Eirin Jonsson, Jakob Mentzoni, Rune Aune Pallesen, Ståle Front Psychiatry Psychiatry BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested empirically based gambling loss limits, with the goal of preventing gambling related harm in the population. However, there is a lack of studies relating gambling loss limits to individual factors such as income. The current study examines whether gambling loss limits should be income-specific. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dataset was derived from three representative cross-sectional surveys of the Norwegian population and consisted of 14,630 gamblers. Four income groups, based on a quartile approximation, were formed. Gambling related harm was measured with the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), and precision-recall (PR) analyses were used to identify loss limits for the different income groups at two levels of gambling severity: moderate-risk gambling and problem gambling. RESULTS: For both levels of gambling severity, we found the lowest income group to have the lowest gambling loss limits, and the highest income group to have the highest loss limits, which compared to the loss limits for the total sample, were lower and higher, respectively. Calculating the cut-offs for moderate-risk gamblers, we found a consistently ascending pattern from the lowest to the highest income group. Calculating the cut-offs for problem gamblers, we found a similar pattern except for the two middle income groups. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that income moderates empirically derived gambling loss limits. Although replication is required, income-based gambling loss limits may have higher applied value for preventing gambling related harm, compared to general loss limits aimed at the entire population. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9709812/ /pubmed/36465287 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1005172 Text en Copyright © 2022 Langeland, Johnsen, Sømme, Morken, Erevik, Kolberg, Jonsson, Mentzoni and Pallesen. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychiatry
Langeland, Elias
Johnsen, Ingvild Faxvaag
Sømme, Kaja Kastrup
Morken, Arne Magnus
Erevik, Eilin Kristine
Kolberg, Eirin
Jonsson, Jakob
Mentzoni, Rune Aune
Pallesen, Ståle
One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?
title One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?
title_full One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?
title_fullStr One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?
title_full_unstemmed One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?
title_short One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income?
title_sort one size does not fit all. should gambling loss limits be based on income?
topic Psychiatry
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9709812/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36465287
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1005172
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