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Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators
Inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among pesticide applicators may increase urinary organophosphate (OP) metabolite levels and subsequently increase risks of cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aims to (1) compare urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9712794/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36466523 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060284 |
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author | Chittrakul, Jiraporn Sapbamrer, Ratana Hongsibsong, Surat |
author_facet | Chittrakul, Jiraporn Sapbamrer, Ratana Hongsibsong, Surat |
author_sort | Chittrakul, Jiraporn |
collection | PubMed |
description | Inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among pesticide applicators may increase urinary organophosphate (OP) metabolite levels and subsequently increase risks of cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aims to (1) compare urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance between pre-and post-pesticide application seasons; (2) PPE use and factors associated with PPE use linked to increased urinary OP metabolite levels during pesticide application; and (3) the association between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance. This longitudinal follow-up study on 79 pesticide applicators was carried out between October 2021 and January 2022. The applicators were interviewed, collected urine samples, and tested for cognitive performance in pre-and post-pesticide application seasons. The results found that the levels of urinary OP metabolites in post-application season were significantly higher than those in pre-application season (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis found that increased total diethylphosphate (DEP) and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels were associated with not wearing gloves while mixing pesticides [beta (β) ± standard error (SE) = −43.74 ± 18.52, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = −80.84, −6.64 for total DEP and −50.84 ± 19.26, 95% CI = −89.41, −12.26 for total DAP] and also with not wearing a mask while spraying pesticides (β ± SE = −31.76 ± 12.24, 95% CI = −56.28, −7.24 for total DEP and −33.20 ± 12.63, 95% CI = −58.49, −7.92 for total DAP) after adjusting for covariates. The scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Thai, Thai Mental State Examination, and Mini-Cognitive test in post-pesticide application were significantly lower than those in pre-pesticide application (p < 0.001). However, no association was found between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive decline. Our findings indicate that inappropriate PPE use during pesticide application was the major factor affecting urinary OP metabolite levels among pesticide applicators. Wearing gloves when mixing pesticides and a mask when spraying pesticides were key factors in reducing occupational exposure to OP. Exposure to OP at low levels and for short periods of exposure may not affect cognitive performance significantly. Therefore, long-term exposure and exposure to high levels of OP should be investigated further. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9712794 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97127942022-12-02 Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators Chittrakul, Jiraporn Sapbamrer, Ratana Hongsibsong, Surat Front Public Health Public Health Inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among pesticide applicators may increase urinary organophosphate (OP) metabolite levels and subsequently increase risks of cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aims to (1) compare urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance between pre-and post-pesticide application seasons; (2) PPE use and factors associated with PPE use linked to increased urinary OP metabolite levels during pesticide application; and (3) the association between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive performance. This longitudinal follow-up study on 79 pesticide applicators was carried out between October 2021 and January 2022. The applicators were interviewed, collected urine samples, and tested for cognitive performance in pre-and post-pesticide application seasons. The results found that the levels of urinary OP metabolites in post-application season were significantly higher than those in pre-application season (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis found that increased total diethylphosphate (DEP) and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels were associated with not wearing gloves while mixing pesticides [beta (β) ± standard error (SE) = −43.74 ± 18.52, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = −80.84, −6.64 for total DEP and −50.84 ± 19.26, 95% CI = −89.41, −12.26 for total DAP] and also with not wearing a mask while spraying pesticides (β ± SE = −31.76 ± 12.24, 95% CI = −56.28, −7.24 for total DEP and −33.20 ± 12.63, 95% CI = −58.49, −7.92 for total DAP) after adjusting for covariates. The scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Thai, Thai Mental State Examination, and Mini-Cognitive test in post-pesticide application were significantly lower than those in pre-pesticide application (p < 0.001). However, no association was found between urinary OP metabolite levels and cognitive decline. Our findings indicate that inappropriate PPE use during pesticide application was the major factor affecting urinary OP metabolite levels among pesticide applicators. Wearing gloves when mixing pesticides and a mask when spraying pesticides were key factors in reducing occupational exposure to OP. Exposure to OP at low levels and for short periods of exposure may not affect cognitive performance significantly. Therefore, long-term exposure and exposure to high levels of OP should be investigated further. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-17 /pmc/articles/PMC9712794/ /pubmed/36466523 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060284 Text en Copyright © 2022 Chittrakul, Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Chittrakul, Jiraporn Sapbamrer, Ratana Hongsibsong, Surat Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
title | Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
title_full | Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
title_fullStr | Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
title_full_unstemmed | Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
title_short | Exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
title_sort | exposure to organophosphate insecticides, inappropriate personal protective equipment use, and cognitive performance among pesticide applicators |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9712794/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36466523 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060284 |
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