Identification of a neutralizing linear epitope within the VP1 protein of coxsackievirus A10

BACKGROUND: Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is a leading cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). It is necessary to identify neutralizing epitopes to investigate and develop an epitope-based vaccine against CV-A10. The viral protein VP1 is the immunodominant capsid protein and contains the critical neutralizing epitope. However, neutralizing epitopes within VP1 protein of CV-A10 have not been well characterized. METHODS: Bioinformatics techniques were applied to predict linear epitopes on the CV-A10 VP1 protein. The advanced structural features of epitopes were analyzed by three-dimensional (3D) modeling. The anticipated epitope peptides were synthesized and used to immunize mice as antigens. ELISA and micro-neutralization assay were used to determine the specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody titers. The protective efficacy of the epitope peptides in vivo was evaluated using a passive immunization/challenge assay. RESULTS: Three linear epitopes (EP3, EP4, and EP5) were predicted on CV-A10 VP1, all spatially exposed on the capsid surface, and exhibited adequate immunogenicity. However, only EP4, corresponding to residues 162–176 of VP1, demonstrated potent neutralization against CV-A10. To determine the neutralizing capacity of EP4 further, EP4 double-peptide was synthesized and injected into mice. The mean neutralizing antibody titer of the anti-EP4 double-peptide sera was 1:50.79, which provided 40% protection against lethal infection with CV-A10 in neonatal mice. In addition, sequence and advanced structural analysis revealed that EP4 was highly conserved among representative strains of CV-A10 and localized in the EF loop region of VP1, like EV-A71 SP55 or CV-A16 PEP55. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that EP4 is a specific linear neutralizing epitope on CV-A10 VP1. Its protective efficacy can be enhanced by increasing its copy number, which will be the foundation for developing a CV-A10 epitope-based vaccine. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01939-3.