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Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America

Vultures comprise one of the most threatened groups of birds worldwide. With a total population not exceeding 6700 mature individuals, and in rapid decline across its range, the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is listed as a Vulnerable species in the IUCN red list. Local population extinctions and de...

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Autores principales: Restrepo-Cardona, Juan Sebastián, Parrado, María Alejandra, Vargas, Félix Hernán, Kohn, Sebastián, Sáenz-Jiménez, Fausto, Potaufeu, Yann, Narváez, Fabricio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714725/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36454783
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278331
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author Restrepo-Cardona, Juan Sebastián
Parrado, María Alejandra
Vargas, Félix Hernán
Kohn, Sebastián
Sáenz-Jiménez, Fausto
Potaufeu, Yann
Narváez, Fabricio
author_facet Restrepo-Cardona, Juan Sebastián
Parrado, María Alejandra
Vargas, Félix Hernán
Kohn, Sebastián
Sáenz-Jiménez, Fausto
Potaufeu, Yann
Narváez, Fabricio
author_sort Restrepo-Cardona, Juan Sebastián
collection PubMed
description Vultures comprise one of the most threatened groups of birds worldwide. With a total population not exceeding 6700 mature individuals, and in rapid decline across its range, the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is listed as a Vulnerable species in the IUCN red list. Local population extinctions and decline are of particular concern in northern South America, where no more than 340 condors may exist at present. Despite this, no quantitative assessments exist in Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela regarding the threats affecting Andean Condor populations. To address this, we compiled records of Andean Condors injured, or killed, between 1979 and 2021. We obtained data of 164 condors affected by different causes of injury, of which 83.5% were reported in Ecuador, 15.2% in Colombia, and 1.2% in Venezuela. Of the total number, 84.7% of the injured individuals died. Between 1979 and 2021, in Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, at least 103 Andean Condors were presumably poisoned, 22 were shot, and 39 individuals were affected by other causes. The total number of individuals affected by different causes represents between 48% and 72% of the total population estimated in northern South America. Of great concern is the fact that, between 2007 and 2021, poisoning and shooting together caused the loss of 19–31% of the estimated population of condors in Ecuador, and 7–21% of the estimated population in Colombia. Given the important mortality induced by humans, environmental education programs, socio-ecological research, application of environmental laws, and management strategies based on scientific evidence to prevent and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts are urgently required for effective Andean Condor conservation in northern South America.
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spelling pubmed-97147252022-12-02 Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America Restrepo-Cardona, Juan Sebastián Parrado, María Alejandra Vargas, Félix Hernán Kohn, Sebastián Sáenz-Jiménez, Fausto Potaufeu, Yann Narváez, Fabricio PLoS One Research Article Vultures comprise one of the most threatened groups of birds worldwide. With a total population not exceeding 6700 mature individuals, and in rapid decline across its range, the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is listed as a Vulnerable species in the IUCN red list. Local population extinctions and decline are of particular concern in northern South America, where no more than 340 condors may exist at present. Despite this, no quantitative assessments exist in Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela regarding the threats affecting Andean Condor populations. To address this, we compiled records of Andean Condors injured, or killed, between 1979 and 2021. We obtained data of 164 condors affected by different causes of injury, of which 83.5% were reported in Ecuador, 15.2% in Colombia, and 1.2% in Venezuela. Of the total number, 84.7% of the injured individuals died. Between 1979 and 2021, in Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, at least 103 Andean Condors were presumably poisoned, 22 were shot, and 39 individuals were affected by other causes. The total number of individuals affected by different causes represents between 48% and 72% of the total population estimated in northern South America. Of great concern is the fact that, between 2007 and 2021, poisoning and shooting together caused the loss of 19–31% of the estimated population of condors in Ecuador, and 7–21% of the estimated population in Colombia. Given the important mortality induced by humans, environmental education programs, socio-ecological research, application of environmental laws, and management strategies based on scientific evidence to prevent and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts are urgently required for effective Andean Condor conservation in northern South America. Public Library of Science 2022-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9714725/ /pubmed/36454783 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278331 Text en © 2022 Restrepo-Cardona et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Restrepo-Cardona, Juan Sebastián
Parrado, María Alejandra
Vargas, Félix Hernán
Kohn, Sebastián
Sáenz-Jiménez, Fausto
Potaufeu, Yann
Narváez, Fabricio
Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America
title Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America
title_full Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America
title_fullStr Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America
title_full_unstemmed Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America
title_short Anthropogenic threats to the Vulnerable Andean Condor in northern South America
title_sort anthropogenic threats to the vulnerable andean condor in northern south america
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714725/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36454783
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278331
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