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Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms
BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has become widely prevalent in pig production in Europe. The carriage status of LA-MRSA is known to vary among individual pigs, but bacterial load in pigs has rarely been studied. We ass...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9716547/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36461079 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13028-022-00653-y |
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author | Verkola, Marie Takala, Milla Nykäsenoja, Suvi Olkkola, Satu Kurittu, Paula Kiljunen, Saija Tuomala, Henni Järvinen, Asko Heikinheimo, Annamari |
author_facet | Verkola, Marie Takala, Milla Nykäsenoja, Suvi Olkkola, Satu Kurittu, Paula Kiljunen, Saija Tuomala, Henni Järvinen, Asko Heikinheimo, Annamari |
author_sort | Verkola, Marie |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has become widely prevalent in pig production in Europe. The carriage status of LA-MRSA is known to vary among individual pigs, but bacterial load in pigs has rarely been studied. We assessed the quantity of LA-MRSA in nasal and skin samples of pigs and investigated the genetic diversity of the strains together with sequenced strains from national surveillance and pathology samples from the Finnish Food Authority. On two farms with assumed MRSA-positive status, farm 1 and farm 2, 10 healthy pigs were sampled three times during 2 weeks from the nares and skin (study A). On farm 1, 54 additional pigs were sampled and from confirmed MRSA-positive animals, 10 were randomly selected and transported to a clean, controlled environment for further sampling (study B). From the samples taken on farms 1 and 2 and in the controlled environment, MRSA was isolated both by direct plating and enrichment on selective media. spa types, multilocus sequence types, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types, resistance and virulence genes were determined. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis was performed, including the sequences deriving from the surveillance/pathology samples from the Finnish Food Authority. RESULTS: All pigs on farm 1 carried LA-MRSA in the nares at all three time points and five pigs on farm 2 at one time point. Nasal quantity varied between 10 and 10(3) CFU/swab and quantity on the skin between 10 and 10(2) CFU/swab. In the controlled environment, MRSA was detected in at least one of the nasal samples from each animal. spa type t034 was predominant. cgMLST showed one cluster with minimum allele differences between 0 and 11. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows predominantly low-level carriage (< 10(3) CFU/swab) of LA-MRSA on farms. In the controlled environment we observed a decline in nasal carriage but constant skin carriage. cgMLST showed that strains of spa type t034 are closely related at the national level. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13028-022-00653-y. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9716547 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97165472022-12-02 Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms Verkola, Marie Takala, Milla Nykäsenoja, Suvi Olkkola, Satu Kurittu, Paula Kiljunen, Saija Tuomala, Henni Järvinen, Asko Heikinheimo, Annamari Acta Vet Scand Research BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has become widely prevalent in pig production in Europe. The carriage status of LA-MRSA is known to vary among individual pigs, but bacterial load in pigs has rarely been studied. We assessed the quantity of LA-MRSA in nasal and skin samples of pigs and investigated the genetic diversity of the strains together with sequenced strains from national surveillance and pathology samples from the Finnish Food Authority. On two farms with assumed MRSA-positive status, farm 1 and farm 2, 10 healthy pigs were sampled three times during 2 weeks from the nares and skin (study A). On farm 1, 54 additional pigs were sampled and from confirmed MRSA-positive animals, 10 were randomly selected and transported to a clean, controlled environment for further sampling (study B). From the samples taken on farms 1 and 2 and in the controlled environment, MRSA was isolated both by direct plating and enrichment on selective media. spa types, multilocus sequence types, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types, resistance and virulence genes were determined. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis was performed, including the sequences deriving from the surveillance/pathology samples from the Finnish Food Authority. RESULTS: All pigs on farm 1 carried LA-MRSA in the nares at all three time points and five pigs on farm 2 at one time point. Nasal quantity varied between 10 and 10(3) CFU/swab and quantity on the skin between 10 and 10(2) CFU/swab. In the controlled environment, MRSA was detected in at least one of the nasal samples from each animal. spa type t034 was predominant. cgMLST showed one cluster with minimum allele differences between 0 and 11. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows predominantly low-level carriage (< 10(3) CFU/swab) of LA-MRSA on farms. In the controlled environment we observed a decline in nasal carriage but constant skin carriage. cgMLST showed that strains of spa type t034 are closely related at the national level. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13028-022-00653-y. BioMed Central 2022-12-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9716547/ /pubmed/36461079 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13028-022-00653-y Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Verkola, Marie Takala, Milla Nykäsenoja, Suvi Olkkola, Satu Kurittu, Paula Kiljunen, Saija Tuomala, Henni Järvinen, Asko Heikinheimo, Annamari Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms |
title | Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms |
title_full | Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms |
title_fullStr | Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms |
title_full_unstemmed | Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms |
title_short | Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms |
title_sort | low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in finnish pig farms |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9716547/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36461079 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13028-022-00653-y |
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