Opportunities and Significance of Nanoparticle–DNA Binding in Medical Biotechnology: A Review

Bionanotechnology is a budding area that combines engineering and biomedical sciences through the development of new functional systems and devices, especially related to medical use and their applications. DNA nanotechnology is one of the most widely studied fields for highly selective biosensing, imaging, drug delivery, and diagnostic purposes. Nanotechnology efficiently serves as a bridge between biotechnology and medical technology, and it offers great potential for medical and healthcare improvements. This has aroused a lot of scientific importance in the last few years owing to their exceptional practical capabilities and growing implementations in industrial and healthcare mechanics. Now, various research is being conducted to understand how nanoparticles can alter DNA sequences and their structures. Recent experiments using circular dichroism and fluorescence tests show that nanoparticle binding produces a flexible conformational shift in the structure of DNA. Additionally, the nanoparticle's affinity for the DNA may very well be influenced by external agents, albeit the complex is stable at rather high ionic firmness. This review gives an account of the mechanism of DNA-nanoparticle binding, with the binding of distinct types of nanoparticles and their interactions, how they change the structure of DNA, and their therapeutic uses and talks about their cytotoxic effects on humans and the environment.