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The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic
BACKGROUND: Immunization is one of the most important public health interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in children. However, factors contributing to low immunization coverage are not fully understood in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Therefore, this study aimed to id...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9719255/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36463130 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14522-w |
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author | Ichimura, Yasunori Yanagisawa, Naoki Thandar, Moe Moe Pathammavong, Chansay Phounphenghuk, Kongxay Nouanthong, Phonethipsavanh Tengbriacheu, Chankham Khamphaphongphane, Bouaphane Franzel-Sassanpour, Lauren Elizabeth Yang, Tae Un Raaijmakers, Hendrikus Ota, Tomomi Komada, Kenichi Hachiya, Masahiko Miyano, Shinsuke |
author_facet | Ichimura, Yasunori Yanagisawa, Naoki Thandar, Moe Moe Pathammavong, Chansay Phounphenghuk, Kongxay Nouanthong, Phonethipsavanh Tengbriacheu, Chankham Khamphaphongphane, Bouaphane Franzel-Sassanpour, Lauren Elizabeth Yang, Tae Un Raaijmakers, Hendrikus Ota, Tomomi Komada, Kenichi Hachiya, Masahiko Miyano, Shinsuke |
author_sort | Ichimura, Yasunori |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Immunization is one of the most important public health interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in children. However, factors contributing to low immunization coverage are not fully understood in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with full immunization coverage among children between 12 and 35 months, providing up-to-date information for immunization programs in Lao PDR. METHODS: We analyzed the subpopulation of a nationwide cross-sectional survey using a multistage cluster sampling procedure to evaluate the measles and rubella seroepidemiology. In addition, we categorized children aged between 12 and 35 months into two groups: “fully immunized” children with a birth dose of Bacillus Calmette and Guérin vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B), one and three doses for the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and pentavalent vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and “partially immunized” children who missed any dose of vaccine. Immunization coverage was calculated as the ratio of “fully immunized” to the total. We compared the groups’ demographic characteristics and health service utilization as independent variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between immunization coverage, various demographic factors, and health service utilization. RESULTS: Overall, 256 of the 416 targeted pairs were included in the analysis. In total, 67.6% of the children were fully immunized. Childbirth at hospitals or health facilities (adjusted odds ratio: 9.75, 95% confidence interval: 5.72–16.62, p < 0.001) was the predictor of full immunization coverage. The 83 children in the partially immunized groups were attributed to Hep B at birth (46, 55.4%), three doses of PCV (34, 41.0%), and the first dose of the MCV (27, 32.5%). CONCLUSION: Our study elucidated that the immunization status among children aged between 12 and 35 months in Lao PDR is satisfactory in improving access to healthcare by strengthening communication with residents regarding health service utilization, and expanding mobile outreach services may play a pivotal role in this endeavor. Further research is warranted to evaluate efforts to increase immunization coverage and target populations with limited access to healthcare. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9719255 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97192552022-12-04 The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic Ichimura, Yasunori Yanagisawa, Naoki Thandar, Moe Moe Pathammavong, Chansay Phounphenghuk, Kongxay Nouanthong, Phonethipsavanh Tengbriacheu, Chankham Khamphaphongphane, Bouaphane Franzel-Sassanpour, Lauren Elizabeth Yang, Tae Un Raaijmakers, Hendrikus Ota, Tomomi Komada, Kenichi Hachiya, Masahiko Miyano, Shinsuke BMC Public Health Research BACKGROUND: Immunization is one of the most important public health interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in children. However, factors contributing to low immunization coverage are not fully understood in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with full immunization coverage among children between 12 and 35 months, providing up-to-date information for immunization programs in Lao PDR. METHODS: We analyzed the subpopulation of a nationwide cross-sectional survey using a multistage cluster sampling procedure to evaluate the measles and rubella seroepidemiology. In addition, we categorized children aged between 12 and 35 months into two groups: “fully immunized” children with a birth dose of Bacillus Calmette and Guérin vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B), one and three doses for the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and pentavalent vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and “partially immunized” children who missed any dose of vaccine. Immunization coverage was calculated as the ratio of “fully immunized” to the total. We compared the groups’ demographic characteristics and health service utilization as independent variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between immunization coverage, various demographic factors, and health service utilization. RESULTS: Overall, 256 of the 416 targeted pairs were included in the analysis. In total, 67.6% of the children were fully immunized. Childbirth at hospitals or health facilities (adjusted odds ratio: 9.75, 95% confidence interval: 5.72–16.62, p < 0.001) was the predictor of full immunization coverage. The 83 children in the partially immunized groups were attributed to Hep B at birth (46, 55.4%), three doses of PCV (34, 41.0%), and the first dose of the MCV (27, 32.5%). CONCLUSION: Our study elucidated that the immunization status among children aged between 12 and 35 months in Lao PDR is satisfactory in improving access to healthcare by strengthening communication with residents regarding health service utilization, and expanding mobile outreach services may play a pivotal role in this endeavor. Further research is warranted to evaluate efforts to increase immunization coverage and target populations with limited access to healthcare. BioMed Central 2022-12-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9719255/ /pubmed/36463130 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14522-w Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Ichimura, Yasunori Yanagisawa, Naoki Thandar, Moe Moe Pathammavong, Chansay Phounphenghuk, Kongxay Nouanthong, Phonethipsavanh Tengbriacheu, Chankham Khamphaphongphane, Bouaphane Franzel-Sassanpour, Lauren Elizabeth Yang, Tae Un Raaijmakers, Hendrikus Ota, Tomomi Komada, Kenichi Hachiya, Masahiko Miyano, Shinsuke The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
title | The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
title_full | The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
title_fullStr | The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
title_full_unstemmed | The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
title_short | The determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
title_sort | determinants of immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 35 months: a nationwide cross-sectional study in lao people’s democratic republic |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9719255/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36463130 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14522-w |
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