Molecular surveillance of artemisinin resistance-related Pfk13 and pfcrt polymorphisms in imported Plasmodium falciparum isolates reported in eastern China from 2015 to 2019

BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been recommended as the first-line treatment by the World Health Organization to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, the emergence and spread of P. falciparum resistant to artemisinins and their partner drugs is a significant risk for the global effort to reduce disease burden facing the world. Currently, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ) is the most common drug used to treat P. falciparum, but little evidence about the resistance status targeting DHA (ACT drug) and its partner drug (PPQ) has been reported in Shandong Province, China. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to explore the prevalence and spatial distribution of Pfk13 and Pfcrt polymorphisms (sites of 72–76, and 93–356) among imported P. falciparum isolates between years 2015–2019 in Shandong Province in eastern China. Individual epidemiological information was collected from a web-based reporting system were reviewed and analysed. RESULTS: A total of 425 P. falciparum blood samples in 2015–2019 were included and 7.3% (31/425) carried Pfk13 mutations. Out of the isolates that carried Pfk13 mutations, 54.8% (17/31) were nonsynonymous polymorphisms. The mutant alleles A578S, Q613H, C469C, and S549S in Pfk13 were the more frequently detected allele, the mutation rate was the same as 9.7% (3/31). Another allele Pfk13 C580Y, closely associated with artemisinin (ART) resistance, was found as 3.2% (2/31), which was found in Cambodia. A total of 14 mutant isolates were identified in Western Africa countries (45.2%, 14/31). For the Pfcrt gene, the mutation rate was 18.1% (77/425). T(76)T(356) and T(76) were more frequent in all 13 different haplotypes with 26.0% (20/77) and 23.4% (18/77). The CVIET and CVIKT mutant at loci 72–76 have exhibited a prevalence of 19.5% (15/77) and 3.9% (3/77), respectively. The CVIET was mainly observed in samples from Congo (26.7%, 4/15) and Mozambique (26.7%, 4/15). No mutations were found at loci 97, 101 and 145. For polymorphisms at locus 356, a total of 24 isolates were identified and mainly from Congo (29.2%, 7/24). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate a low prevalence of Pfk13 in the African isolates. However, the emergence and increase in the new alleles Pfcrt I356T, reveals a potential risk of drug pressure in PPQ among migrant workers returned from Africa. Therefore, continuous molecular surveillance of Pfcrt mutations and in vitro susceptibility tests related to PPQ are necessary.