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Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida
The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List across its range and classified as locally threatened in several countries. There is a lack of knowledge involving hematological and physiological param...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9722956/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36483488 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.919488 |
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author | Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A. Jennings, Nicole D. Godfrey, Sidney T. Brandt, Laura A. Daykin, Bryna Squires, Michiko A. Mazzotti, Frank J. |
author_facet | Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A. Jennings, Nicole D. Godfrey, Sidney T. Brandt, Laura A. Daykin, Bryna Squires, Michiko A. Mazzotti, Frank J. |
author_sort | Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List across its range and classified as locally threatened in several countries. There is a lack of knowledge involving hematological and physiological parameters in American crocodile populations, limiting our understanding of what are considered “normal” blood analyte results for the species and how to link them with health assessments. In this study, we analyzed 40 hematological and biochemical parameters and estimated reference intervals (RIs) for 35 of them based on 436 clinically healthy wild American crocodiles caught in South Florida between 2015 and 2021. Crocodiles were captured across three areas with different levels of human influence [low = Everglades National Park (ENP), medium = Biscayne Bay Estuary (BBE), and high = Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant (TP)]. There was very strong-to-strong evidence for an effect of where animals were caught on five analytes: basophils %, phosphorus, proportion of (pr) alpha-2 globulins, absolute count (abs) of gamma globulins, and corticosterone, so no reference values were estimated but general statistics are presented and discussed. From the remaining analytes, we found no evidence that sex or size class had an effect on red blood cell (RBC), azurophils and monocytes abs, triglycerides, and albumin abs. However, we did find moderate-to-strong evidence that sex influenced azurophils % and size class influenced white blood cell (WBC), heterophils %, monocytes %, basophils abs, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), potassium, glucose, bile acids, alpha-1 globulin abs, and alpha-2 globulin pr and abs. Finally, there was strong evidence that both sex and size class influenced PCV, lymphocytes % and abs, eosinophils % and abs, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, albumin pr, alpha-1 globulin, and beta globulin abs. Intraspecific analysis showed that size is the variable that most influenced analytes explaining up to 29% of the variation, which relates to our findings based on intraindividual analysis. We compared our results with blood parameters reported for conspecifics as well as closely related species and discussed implication of those results for clinical diagnosis and American crocodile conservation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9722956 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97229562022-12-07 Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A. Jennings, Nicole D. Godfrey, Sidney T. Brandt, Laura A. Daykin, Bryna Squires, Michiko A. Mazzotti, Frank J. Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List across its range and classified as locally threatened in several countries. There is a lack of knowledge involving hematological and physiological parameters in American crocodile populations, limiting our understanding of what are considered “normal” blood analyte results for the species and how to link them with health assessments. In this study, we analyzed 40 hematological and biochemical parameters and estimated reference intervals (RIs) for 35 of them based on 436 clinically healthy wild American crocodiles caught in South Florida between 2015 and 2021. Crocodiles were captured across three areas with different levels of human influence [low = Everglades National Park (ENP), medium = Biscayne Bay Estuary (BBE), and high = Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant (TP)]. There was very strong-to-strong evidence for an effect of where animals were caught on five analytes: basophils %, phosphorus, proportion of (pr) alpha-2 globulins, absolute count (abs) of gamma globulins, and corticosterone, so no reference values were estimated but general statistics are presented and discussed. From the remaining analytes, we found no evidence that sex or size class had an effect on red blood cell (RBC), azurophils and monocytes abs, triglycerides, and albumin abs. However, we did find moderate-to-strong evidence that sex influenced azurophils % and size class influenced white blood cell (WBC), heterophils %, monocytes %, basophils abs, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), potassium, glucose, bile acids, alpha-1 globulin abs, and alpha-2 globulin pr and abs. Finally, there was strong evidence that both sex and size class influenced PCV, lymphocytes % and abs, eosinophils % and abs, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, albumin pr, alpha-1 globulin, and beta globulin abs. Intraspecific analysis showed that size is the variable that most influenced analytes explaining up to 29% of the variation, which relates to our findings based on intraindividual analysis. We compared our results with blood parameters reported for conspecifics as well as closely related species and discussed implication of those results for clinical diagnosis and American crocodile conservation. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9722956/ /pubmed/36483488 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.919488 Text en Copyright © 2022 Balaguera-Reina, Jennings, Godfrey, Brandt, Daykin, Squires and Mazzotti. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Veterinary Science Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A. Jennings, Nicole D. Godfrey, Sidney T. Brandt, Laura A. Daykin, Bryna Squires, Michiko A. Mazzotti, Frank J. Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida |
title | Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida |
title_full | Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida |
title_fullStr | Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida |
title_full_unstemmed | Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida |
title_short | Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida |
title_sort | hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for american crocodiles (crocodylus acutus) in south florida |
topic | Veterinary Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9722956/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36483488 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.919488 |
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