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Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is an important global health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is considered as one of the major components in the “global one health”. Misuse/overuse of antibiotics in any one of the segments can impact the integrity of the other...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727169/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36506027 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.952491 |
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author | Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan Ghosh, Amit Chowdhury, Goutam Mukhopadhyay, Asish K. Dutta, Shanta Miyoshi, Shin-inchi |
author_facet | Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan Ghosh, Amit Chowdhury, Goutam Mukhopadhyay, Asish K. Dutta, Shanta Miyoshi, Shin-inchi |
author_sort | Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan |
collection | PubMed |
description | Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is an important global health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is considered as one of the major components in the “global one health”. Misuse/overuse of antibiotics in any one of the segments can impact the integrity of the others. In the presence of antibiotic selective pressure, bacteria tend to develop several defense mechanisms, which include structural changes of the bacterial outer membrane, enzymatic processes, gene upregulation, mutations, adaptive resistance, and biofilm formation. Several components of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in the dissemination of AMR. Each one of these components has a specific function that lasts long, irrespective of any antibiotic pressure. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), insertion sequence elements (ISs), and transposons carry the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on different genetic backbones. Successful transfer of ARGs depends on the class of plasmids, regulons, ISs proximity, and type of recombination systems. Additionally, phage-bacterial networks play a major role in the transmission of ARGs, especially in bacteria from the environment and foods of animal origin. Several other functional attributes of bacteria also get successfully modified to acquire ARGs. These include efflux pumps, toxin-antitoxin systems, regulatory small RNAs, guanosine pentaphosphate signaling, quorum sensing, two-component system, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems. The metabolic and virulence state of bacteria is also associated with a range of genetic and phenotypic resistance mechanisms. In spite of the availability of a considerable information on AMR, the network associations between selection pressures and several of the components mentioned above are poorly understood. Understanding how a pathogen resists and regulates the ARGs in response to antimicrobials can help in controlling the development of resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the importance of genetic network and regulation of AMR in bacterial pathogens. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9727169 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97271692022-12-08 Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan Ghosh, Amit Chowdhury, Goutam Mukhopadhyay, Asish K. Dutta, Shanta Miyoshi, Shin-inchi Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is an important global health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is considered as one of the major components in the “global one health”. Misuse/overuse of antibiotics in any one of the segments can impact the integrity of the others. In the presence of antibiotic selective pressure, bacteria tend to develop several defense mechanisms, which include structural changes of the bacterial outer membrane, enzymatic processes, gene upregulation, mutations, adaptive resistance, and biofilm formation. Several components of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in the dissemination of AMR. Each one of these components has a specific function that lasts long, irrespective of any antibiotic pressure. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), insertion sequence elements (ISs), and transposons carry the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on different genetic backbones. Successful transfer of ARGs depends on the class of plasmids, regulons, ISs proximity, and type of recombination systems. Additionally, phage-bacterial networks play a major role in the transmission of ARGs, especially in bacteria from the environment and foods of animal origin. Several other functional attributes of bacteria also get successfully modified to acquire ARGs. These include efflux pumps, toxin-antitoxin systems, regulatory small RNAs, guanosine pentaphosphate signaling, quorum sensing, two-component system, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems. The metabolic and virulence state of bacteria is also associated with a range of genetic and phenotypic resistance mechanisms. In spite of the availability of a considerable information on AMR, the network associations between selection pressures and several of the components mentioned above are poorly understood. Understanding how a pathogen resists and regulates the ARGs in response to antimicrobials can help in controlling the development of resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the importance of genetic network and regulation of AMR in bacterial pathogens. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9727169/ /pubmed/36506027 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.952491 Text en Copyright © 2022 Ramamurthy, Ghosh, Chowdhury, Mukhopadhyay, Dutta and Miyoshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cellular and Infection Microbiology Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan Ghosh, Amit Chowdhury, Goutam Mukhopadhyay, Asish K. Dutta, Shanta Miyoshi, Shin-inchi Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
title | Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
title_full | Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
title_fullStr | Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
title_full_unstemmed | Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
title_short | Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
title_sort | deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens |
topic | Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9727169/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36506027 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.952491 |
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