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Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella
BACKGROUND: The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and a leading cause of global decline in amphibian populations. The first stages of chytridiomycosis include: inflammation, hyperkeratosis, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, and disruption of internal...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9730576/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36482304 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1 |
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author | Starr, Amanda M. Zabet-Moghaddam, Masoud San Francisco, Michael |
author_facet | Starr, Amanda M. Zabet-Moghaddam, Masoud San Francisco, Michael |
author_sort | Starr, Amanda M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and a leading cause of global decline in amphibian populations. The first stages of chytridiomycosis include: inflammation, hyperkeratosis, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, and disruption of internal electrolyte levels leading to eventual death of the host. Previous work indicates that B. dendrobatidis can produce immunomodulatory compounds and other secreted molecules that regulate the growth of the fungus. In this study, filtrates of the fungus grown in media and water were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.0. RESULTS: Identification of cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl), chitobiose, and S-adenosylmethionine were verified by their retention times and fragmentation patterns from B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Previous studies have analyzed the effects of B. dendrobatidis on amphibian models, in vitro, or in cell culture. We studied the effects of live B. dendrobatidis cells, spent culture filtrates containing secreted metabolites, and cyclo(pheylalanyl-prolyl) on wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Concentrated filtrates caused melanization within 24 h, while live B. dendrobatidis caused melanization within 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: Here we show B. dendrobatidis produces secreted metabolites previously unreported. The impacts of these chemicals were tested on an alternate non-amphibian model system that has been used for other fungi to study pathogenicity traits in this fungus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9730576 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97305762022-12-09 Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella Starr, Amanda M. Zabet-Moghaddam, Masoud San Francisco, Michael BMC Microbiol Research Article BACKGROUND: The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and a leading cause of global decline in amphibian populations. The first stages of chytridiomycosis include: inflammation, hyperkeratosis, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, and disruption of internal electrolyte levels leading to eventual death of the host. Previous work indicates that B. dendrobatidis can produce immunomodulatory compounds and other secreted molecules that regulate the growth of the fungus. In this study, filtrates of the fungus grown in media and water were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.0. RESULTS: Identification of cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl), chitobiose, and S-adenosylmethionine were verified by their retention times and fragmentation patterns from B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Previous studies have analyzed the effects of B. dendrobatidis on amphibian models, in vitro, or in cell culture. We studied the effects of live B. dendrobatidis cells, spent culture filtrates containing secreted metabolites, and cyclo(pheylalanyl-prolyl) on wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Concentrated filtrates caused melanization within 24 h, while live B. dendrobatidis caused melanization within 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: Here we show B. dendrobatidis produces secreted metabolites previously unreported. The impacts of these chemicals were tested on an alternate non-amphibian model system that has been used for other fungi to study pathogenicity traits in this fungus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1. BioMed Central 2022-12-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9730576/ /pubmed/36482304 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Starr, Amanda M. Zabet-Moghaddam, Masoud San Francisco, Michael Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella |
title | Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella |
title_full | Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella |
title_fullStr | Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella |
title_full_unstemmed | Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella |
title_short | Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella |
title_sort | identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on galleria mellonella |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9730576/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36482304 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1 |
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