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Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever
A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRR...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9732666/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504860 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861 |
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author | Assavacheep, Pornchalit Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje |
author_facet | Assavacheep, Pornchalit Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje |
author_sort | Assavacheep, Pornchalit |
collection | PubMed |
description | A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The “repopulate swine farm” policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9732666 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97326662022-12-10 Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever Assavacheep, Pornchalit Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The “repopulate swine farm” policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-11-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9732666/ /pubmed/36504860 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861 Text en Copyright © 2022 Assavacheep and Thanawongnuwech. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Veterinary Science Assavacheep, Pornchalit Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever |
title | Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever |
title_full | Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever |
title_fullStr | Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever |
title_full_unstemmed | Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever |
title_short | Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever |
title_sort | porcine respiratory disease complex: dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the african swine fever |
topic | Veterinary Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9732666/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36504860 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861 |
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